Small-scale fish farmers in developing countries are faced with challenges owing to their limited information on aquaculture management. Nile tilapia Teso North Sub-County recorded lower yields than expected 2009 despite having been provided required inputs. Water quality was suspected be the key factor responsible for low yields. This study sought assess effects of earthen pond water physico-chemical parameters growth six ponds under semi-intensive culture system Sub-County. The...

To combat malaria, the Kenya Ministry of Health and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have distributed insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for use over beds, with coverage children under five years age increasing rapidly. Nevertheless, residents fishing villages started to these bed drying fish in Lake Victoria. This study investigated extent net misuse villages.Seven along lake were surveyed estimate how widely being used fish. Villagers asked why they such purposes.In total, 283 Of these,...

Anopheles gambiae s.s., arabiensis, and funestus s.s. are the most important species for malaria transmission. Pyrethroid resistance of these vector mosquitoes is one main obstacles against effective control. The objective present study was to monitor pyrethroid susceptibility in 3 major vectors a highly endemic area western Kenya elucidate mechanisms species. Gembe East West, Mbita Division, 4 islands Suba district Nyanza province were used as area. Larval adult collection bioassay...

The prevalence of malaria among the residents Lake Victoria basin remains high. environment associated with lake may maintain a high number vectors. habitats including water hyacinths have been suspected to be source This study investigated whether vectors breed in and adjacent backwater pools. Anopheline larvae were collected within littoral zone pools located along approximately 24.3 km lakeshore western Kenya, their breeding sites characterized. Three primary vector species, Anopheles...

Abstract Background Although insecticide-treated bed nets are effective tools, use often does not follow ownership. House structure and space arrangements may make the attempt to difficult, especially for school age children. The objectives of this study were explore whether an individual's sleeping house affect net in villages along Lake Victoria western Kenya. Methods Sleeping residents directly observed a net, bed, location. size, number types rooms, availability, residents' ages...

Improving the understanding of climate change awareness is one top priorities in research. While African continent among regions with highest vulnerability to change, research on knowledge and lacking. Kenya already grappling impacts which are projected increase a non-linear non-predictable manner. This study sought determine levels households residing Upper Nyakach Division, Kisumu County, using common markers viz heavy rainfall, floods, droughts temperature. A cross-sectional survey design...

Mass insecticide treated bed net (ITN) deployment, and its associated coverage of populations at risk, had "pushed" a decline in malaria transmission. However, it is unknown whether control being enhanced by zooprophylaxis, i.e., mosquitoes diverted to feed on hosts different from humans, phenomenon that could further reduce entomological transmission risk areas where livestock herding common. Between May July 2009, we collected 104 houses three neighboring villages with high ITN (over 80%),...

The dramatic success of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and long-lasting insecticidal (LLINs) in African countries has been countered by the rapid development pyrethroid resistance vector mosquitoes over past decade. One advantage use pyrethroids ITNs is their excito-repellency. Use excito-repellency might be biorational, since such repellency will not induce or delay any physiological resistance. However, little known about relationship between mode pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes....

Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the rivers of Africa. Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched, their tributaries largely ignored. This study sought to establish spatial distribution mosquito species during dry season further characterize habitats Mara River its tributaries.In this cross-sectional survey, larvae were sampled River, two perennial (Amala Nyangores), drying streams,...

Abstract Background Indoor air pollution (IAP) remains a major global public health hazard more so in developing countries where use of fossil fuels is still very common. However, despite the popularity kerosene and fuelwood as energy sources among many households Sub-Saharan Africa, little known about their effects predisposing factors particularly on those with direct exposure. This study sought to relate indoor exposure self-reported prevalence respiratory outcomes including (sputum...

Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and funestus are widespread malaria vectors in Africa. rivulorum is the next most species group. The role of as a vector has not been fully studied, although it found to be minor or opportunistic transmitter Plasmodium falciparum. Mosquitoes were collected indoors over 12-hour period using light source attached rotating bottle collector order determine peak activity times provide DNA for meal identification. Gravid female mosquitoes via an aspirator...

Among all the malaria controlling measures, biological control of mosquito larvae may be cheapest and easiest to implement. This study investigated baseline predation immature mosquitoes by macroinvertebrate predators along Mara River, determined diversity habitats range their adaptive capacity water physico-chemical parameters. Between July August 2011, sampling sites (n=39) River were selected for presence larvae. The geocoded each dipped 20 times using standard dipper sample larvae, while...

We purposively selected 39 sampling sites along the Mara River and its two perennial tributaries of Amala Nyangores sampled snails. In addition, water physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, salinity pH) were taken to establish their influence on snail abundance habitat preference. Out sampled, 10 (25.6%) had The species encountered included Biomphalaria pfeifferi Krauss - intermediate host Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, Bulinus africanus...

Human-induced changes to natural landscapes have been identified as some of the greatest threats freshwater resources. The change from forest cover agricultural and pastoral activities is rampant especially in upper Mara River catchment (water tower), well along course River. objective this study was determine effect land use on physico-chemical properties soil (bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus pH) Five major uses (agricultural lands, livestock/pastoral forested conservancy/game...

The water level of Lake Victoria has fallen more than 1.5 m since 1998, revealing a narrow strip land along the shore. This study determined whether recent drop in created additional breeding grounds for malaria vectors. and past shorelines were estimated using landmarks satellite image. locations habitats recorded GPS unit during high low lake periods. GIS was used to determine located on newly emerged between new old shorelines. Over half existed land. Fewer Anopheles gambiae complex found...

Identification of malaria vector breeding sites can enhance control activities. Although associations between and topography are well recognized, practical models that predict from topographic information lacking. We used variables derived remotely sensed Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to model the vectors. further compared predictive strength two different DEMs evaluated predictability various habitat types inhabited by Anopheles larvae.

Pyrethroid resistance is becoming a major problem for vector control programs, because at present, there are few suitable chemical substitutes pyrethroids, as when used on bed nets the insecticide must have low mammalian toxicity well high activity to mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) one of most active chemicals among juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) group. Sterilizing mosquitoes by using PPF could be potential measure pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. We investigated sterilizing effects two...

Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. Aquatic were collected from six wetlands near Lake Victoria Mbita, Western Kenya. This study revealed that the whole positive rate of An. s.l. 330 54.2%. The order highest Odonata (70.2%), followed by Hemiptera (62.8%), Amphibia (41.7%), and Coleoptera (18%). demonstrates polymerase method can aquatic larvae if have undigested their...

Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine whether mosquito predators in wetland habitats feed on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) larvae. Aquatic were collected from six wetlands near Lake Victoria Mbita, Western Kenya. This study revealed that the whole positive rate of An. s.l. 330 54.2%. The order highest Odonata (70.2%), followed by Hemiptera (62.8%), Amphibia (41.7%), and Coleoptera (18%). demonstrates polymerase method can aquatic larvae if have undigested their...

Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have proven instrumental in the successful reduction of malaria incidence holoendemic regions during past decade. As distribution ITNs throughout sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is being scaled up, maintaining maximal levels coverage will be necessary to sustain current gains. The effectiveness mass ITNs, requires careful analysis successes and failures if impacts are sustained over long term.Mass a rural Kenyan community along Lake Victoria was performed early 2011....

Abundance and species composition of sympatric malaria vector are the important factors governing transmission intensity. A widespread insecticidal bed net coverage may replace endophagic with exophagic species. However, unique local environments also influence a population. This study examined impacts nets on An. gambiae s.l populations in Mbita District Suba District. The compositions s.l. larvae were compared between 1997, 2009 2010 geographical areas. abundance females resting indoors...

SUMMARY Children who sleep on the floor are less likely to use long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs); however, relationship between sleeping location and Plasmodium falciparum infection has not been investigated sufficiently. This study revealed whether (bed vs floor) is associated with P. among children 7–59 months old. More than 60% of slept floor. Younger were significantly more in beds [odds ratio, OR 2·31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2·02–2·67)]. Nearly 70% under LLINs previous night....