Abstract Changes in T cell helper function were analyzed when anti-CD3-activated cells costimulated with mAbs to the CD28 receptor (anti-CD28). cell-dependent B growth and differentiation consistently augmented if anti-CD3 stimulated-T simultaneously activated anti-CD28. Although anti-CD28 enhanced IL-2 IL-4 production, it did not increase responses solely by augmenting production of soluble lymphokines. Anti-CD28 costimulation induced increases on CD40 ligand (CD40L), known promote...

We examined whether human blood dendritic cells (DCs) express a functional ligand for CD40 (CD40L). Human DCs expressed significant amounts of cell surface CD40L identical to that on activated T cells, as detected by mAb or chimeric CD40.Ig fusion protein (CD40.Ig). Stimulation through up-regulated and mRNA expression in DCs, B lines. CD40-mediated was inhibited tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin, dose-dependent manner, suggesting the induction via requires activity. correlated with...

Despite several reports on age-related phenotypic changes of the immune system's cells, studies that use a multipoint age comparison between specific and innate cell populations prototypical Th1- Th2-type polarized mouse strains are still lacking.Using approach, cells from two major system compartments, peripheral blood spleen, flow cytometry analysis, we found principal differences in T professional antigen presenting (APC) originating helper (Th) 1 strain, C57BL/6, Th2 BALB/c. For example,...

The herbicide atrazine (ATR) is a very widely used pesticide; yet the immunotoxicological potential of ATR has not been studied extensively. Our objective was to examine effect on selected immune parameters in juvenile mice. (up 250 mg/kg) administered by oral gavage for 14 days one-month-old male C57BL/6 One day, one week, and seven weeks after last dose, mice were sacrificed, blood, spleens, thymuses collected processed cell counting flow cytometry. Thymus spleen weights decreased ATR,...

Similar to higher vertebrates, the immune system of fish is composed two major components, innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) responses. However, in has a fundamental importance preventing pathogen entry as responses are less efficient compared mammals. The components commonly divided into three compartments: physical parameters, humoral cellular factors. Recently, professional APCs received more attention resulting increased numbers studies on their morphology function. Following...

Background Pharmacodynamic assays measure the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine on T ‐cells and offer an alternative assessment efficacy in individual patients. Objective To assess high low dosage canine to develop a novel testing system for individualized dose adjustment. Animals Seven healthy female W alker hounds. Methods Experimental study using paired comparison design. Flow cytometry was used ‐cell expression IL ‐2, ‐4, IFN ‐γ. Cytokine 8 days after oral administration dosages...

Background Low‐dose aspirin is used to prevent thromboembolic complications in dogs, but some animals are nonresponsive the antiplatelet effects of (“aspirin resistance”). Hypothesis/Objectives That low‐dose would inhibit platelet function, decrease thromboxane synthesis, and alter cyclooxygenase ( COX ) expression. Animals Twenty‐four healthy dogs. Methods A repeated measures study. Platelet function (PFA‐100 closure time, collagen/epinephrine), COX‐1 COX‐2 expression, urine...

Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Successful vaccination against pathogens requires T cell priming by antigen presenting cells (APCs) bridge innate and adaptive immunity. However, the evidence on immunological mechanisms underscore E. pathogenesis protective role live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) scarce. We assessed expression immune genes related to presentation real-time PCR distribution patterns Langerhans-like...

Abstract Using PCR to monitor early (LTR/LTR (long terminal repeat)) and late (LTR/gag) products of reverse transcription the formation HIV-1 LTR circles (indicating nuclear import), we explored relationship between T cell activation signals events in life cycle infection. The combination TCR ligation with either CD28 cross-linking or exogenous IL-2 was required for circle resting CD4+ cells. Ligation receptors addition alone did not induce this process. However, TCR, alone, unlike ligation,...

Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia catfish (ESC), which one most significant diseases farmed channel catfish. Macrophages have critical role in major defense mechanisms against bacterial infections by migrating to site infection, engulfing and killing pathogens, priming adaptive immune responses. Vaccination with E. live, attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains increased efficiency phagocytosis...

The immune system of all jawed vertebrates is composed two major subsystems, the innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) system. first to respond infectious agents; however, it does not provide longlasting protection. activated later responds pathogens with specificity memory. main components system, including T cell receptors (TCRs), histocompatibility complex (MHC), immunoglobulins (Igs), recombination-activating gene (RAG) arose in fish (cartilaginous teleost fish). This review...

The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens and consists a variety mechanisms including active endocytosis by macrophages granulocytes. Endocytosis can be used as reliable measure selective non-selective antigen uptake in early phase an response. Numerous assays have been developed to this mammalian fish species. small size zebrafish has prevented large-scale collection monocytes/macrophages granulocytes for these endocytic assays.Pooled kidney...

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection is widespread in cattle worldwide, causing important economic losses. Pathogenesis of the disease caused by BVDV complex, as each strain has two biotypes: non-cytopathic (ncp) and cytopathic (cp). can cause a persistent latent immune suppression if animals are infected with an ncp biotype during early gestation, followed subsequent cp biotype. The molecular mechanisms that underscore complex etiology leading to not well understood.Using...

Human platelets express both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Variation in COX-2 expression could be a mechanism for variable response to aspirin.The hypotheses were that circulating canine COX-1 COX-2, aspirin alters COX expression. The objective was identify changes platelet function caused by administration dogs.Eight female, intact hounds.A single population, repeated measures design used evaluate flow cytometry before after (10 mg/kg Q12h 10 days). Platelet...

Abstract: We explored the relationship between T cell activation signals and dendritic cells (DC) in replication cycle of immunodeficiency viruses. First we analyzed effect two inhibitors (mimosine aphidicolin) on SIV reverse transcription, circularization, integration macaque resting stimulated with anti‐CD3 mAb at time infection. The formation LTR circles was blocked by G1 inhibitor mimosine. G1/S aphidicolin neither affected circularization nor DNA. Therefore, induction circle production...