Iran. Iran, once a pioneer of sustainable water management, is currently facing bankruptcy. Aggressive exhaustion non-renewable has led to suite environmental and socio-economic problems across the country. Nevertheless, understanding Iran's loss still incomplete due lack conclusive data. In this study, we employ satellite gravimetry observations, in-situ globally precipitation data, gauged groundwater level investigate total storage (TWS) in Iran over last two decades. We quantify using...

Abstract The Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) data set has faced a decline in the number of active gauges since 1980s, leaving only 14% as 2020. We develop Remote Sensing-based Extension for GRDC (RSEG) that can ingest legacy gauge discharge and remote sensing observations. employ stochastic nonparametric mapping algorithm to extend monthly time series inactive stations, benefiting from satellite imagery- altimetry-derived river width water height After rigorous quality assessment our...

Abstract. Against the backdrop of global change, in terms both climate and demography, there is a pressing need for monitoring water cycle. The publicly available database very limited its spatial temporal coverage worldwide. Moreover, acquisition situ data their delivery to have been decline since late 1970s, be it economical or political reasons. Given insufficient from gauge networks, with no outlook improvement, spaceborne approaches under investigation some years now. Satellite-based...

Extreme precipitation events such as floods and droughts have occurred with higher frequency over the recent decades a result of climate change anthropogenic activities. To understand mitigate events, it is crucial to investigate their spatio-temporal variations globally or regionally. Global products provide an alternative way in situ observations region. In this study, we evaluated performance latest version Precipitation Measurement-Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (GPM-IMERGV6.0...

Abstract In the recent past, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission its successor GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO), have become invaluable tools for characterizing drought through measurements of Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA). However, existing approaches often overlooked uncertainties in TWSA that stem from orbit configuration, background models, intrinsic data errors. Here we introduce a fresh view on this problem which incorporates data: Probabilistic...

Global warming and its associated impacts on sea level rise pose increasing risks to coastal regions. However, regional changes are influenced by local factors, including land subsidence localized climatic phenomena, which can exhibit significant variations that exceed the global average. As world's largest inland sea, Black Sea water driven not only climate processes but also significantly river runoff, with almost one-third of entire area continental Europe draining into it, making it a...

Accurate river discharge monitoring is essential for understanding hydrological processes, yet the availability of in situ measurements increasingly limited due to a declining number operational gauges and temporal gaps gauge records. Satellite altimetry offers robust alternative address these limitations. Here, we introduce Altimetry-based Extension global-scale Measurements (SAEM) dataset, which integrates data from multiple satellite missions estimate enhance global networks. Our analysis...

Climate change is significantly transforming familiar environments and affecting daily life. In this context, continuous monitoring of river discharge in space time crucial for planning human activities related to water use, preventing or mitigating losses due extreme flood events, reducing the effects scarcity.   Conventional in-situ stations have limitations such as low spatial density, incomplete coverage delays data availability. These challenges hinder spatio-temporal...

Quantifying the long-term evolution of water cycle at basin scale requires estimation and integration time series for various hydrological variables, e.g. precipitation, runoff, groundwater, soil moisture, to name a few. The availability Earth observation data, along with advancements in computational modelling expansion situ data networks, has led diverse array products designed estimate these variables. As result, selecting most appropriate become significant challenge. This challenge is...

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) its successor, the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions, have enabled monitoring of Total Water storage anomalies (TWSA) from space. However, their combined observational record spans only two decades monthly data, with a one-year gap between missions. This limited constrains application in climate research. To address this limitation, we developed approaches to reconstruct TWSA: one using Machine Learning (ML) methods other novel Deep (DL)...

Abstract. River discharge is a crucial measurement, indicating the volume of water flowing through river cross-section at any given time. However, existing network gauges faces significant issues, largely due to declining number active and temporal gaps. Remote sensing, especially radar-based techniques, offers an effective means this issue. This study introduces Satellite Altimetry-based Extension global-scale in situ Measurements (SAEM) data set, which utilizes multiple satellite altimetry...

Abstract European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA), one of the most widely used precipitation products, has evolved from ERA‐40 to ERA‐20CM, ERA‐20C, ERA‐Interim, and ERA5. Studies evaluating performance individual ERA products cannot adequately assess evolution products. We compared all at daily, monthly, annual data (1980–2018) using more than 2100 Iran gauges. Results indicated that performed worst, followed by which showed only minor improvements over ERA‐40....

Abstract Iran has experienced a drastic increase in water scarcity the last decades. The main driver been substantial unsustainable consumption of agricultural sector. This study quantifies spatiotemporal dynamics Iran’s hydrometeorological availability, land cover, and vegetation growth evaluates their interrelations with special focus on developments. It analyzes globally available reanalysis climate data satellite time series products, allowing country-wide investigation recent 20+ years...

Abstract. Against the backdrop of global change, both in terms climate and demography, there is a pressing need for monitoring water cycle. The publicly available database very limited its spatial temporal coverage worldwide. Moreover, acquisition situ data their delivery to are decline since late 1970s, be it economical or political reasons. Given insufficient from gauge networks, with no outlook improvement, spaceborne approaches have been under investigation some years now. Satellite-based...

In the recent past, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission its successor GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO), have become invaluable tools for characterizing drought through measurements of Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA). However, existing approaches often overlooked uncertainties in TWSA that stem from orbit configuration, background models, intrinsic data errors. Here we introduce a fresh view on this problem which incorporates data: Probabilistic Storage-based...