Viruses are the most common biological entities in oceans by an order of magnitude. However, very little is known about their diversity. Here we report a genomic analysis two uncultured marine viral communities. Over 65% sequences were not significantly similar to previously reported sequences, suggesting that much diversity uncharacterized. The significant hits among viruses. included from all major families dsDNA tailed phages, as well some algal Several independent mathematical models...

The cornerstone of finite-time thermodynamics is all about the price haste and how to minimize it. Reversible processes may be ultimately efficient, but they are unrealistically slow. In situations-chemical, mechanical, economical-we pay extra get job done quickly. Finite-time can used develop methods limit that expenditure, it in energy, entropy production, money, or something entirely different. also includes calculate optimal path mode operation achieve this minimal expenditure. concept...

Until the 19th century, technology was essentially domain of skilled artisans and constructors who relied on practical experience to design build their machines. One first efforts use physical theory study functioning machines undertaken by French engineer Sadi Carnot. Motivated concern about superiority British steam engines, he undertook a systematic processes governing resulting in his remarkable paper Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (On Motive Power Heat) published 1826. Among...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermodynamics for processes in finite timeBjarne Andresen, R. Stephen Berry, Mary Jo Ondrechen, and Peter SalamonCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1984, 17, 8, 266–271Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00104a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00104a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle...

Using computer experiments on a simple three-state system and an NP-complete of permanents we compare different proposed simulated annealing schedules in order to find the cooling strategy which has least total entropy production during process for given initial final states fixed number iterations. The considered are constant thermodynamic speed, exponential, logarithmic, linear schedules. speed schedule is shown be best. We actually considering two with original one valid near-equilibrium...

We consider the problem of minimum entropy production in a heat engine subject only to thermal-resistance losses. For such engines, minimizing total is equivalent loss availability. show for any operating with given cycle time that achieved by it so as keep rate constant along each branch. limit slow operation, should be same all branches cycle. obtain an expression and use this give bound on maximum work which can produced engines. This significantly more realistic than reversible one....

A general description is developed for processes involving work and two heat reservoirs or three in terms of rates continuous cycle averages periodic processes. The applied to engines having friction, thermal resistance, losses order determine the maximum power efficiency such engines. By use a geometric representation reversible irreversible parts process are separated as components vector. This leads definition dimensionless quantity that measures irreversibility related complementary way...

One way to classify performance indices of irreversible heat engines is according how the change when one engine replaced by two (or more) same kind in series. We investigate endoreversible (i.e., with only irreversibility being resistance surroundings) which are put series form a single engine, whose power output maximized. In this unconstrained optimization interface between stages, for present model intermediate temperature and relative timing engines, arbitrary can be used satisfy other,...

The object of this paper is the beginning a formulation method to find bounds process functions, such as work and heat, for processes occurring in finite time. A general variational statement problem given. Then model problems are solved, all but one which based on "step-Carnot" cycle. This similar reversible Carnot cycle with external pressure varying steps. Such system only needs go through number equilibrium states during its maximization effectiveness step-Carnot cycle, efficiency same...

The first paper published as Finite-Time Thermodynamics is from 1977 [...]

The production of work from a heat source with finite capacity is discussed. We examine the conversion such first by single Carnot engine and then sequence engines. optimum values operating temperatures these engines are calculated. efficiency an arbitrary number derived, it shown that maximum available can be extracted only when cycles in becomes infinite. results illustrate importance recovery or bottoming processes optimization work-producing systems. In addition, present model...

Within the context of conventional time-independent thermodynamics, an algorithm is developed to construct potentials $\mathcal{P}$ that define extremal values work for processes with arbitrary constraints. An existence theorem proved demonstrates such can be given any quasistatic process. This extends capability thermodynamics from reversible one class time-dependent processes. A corollary shows how constructed systems whose time dependence first order. final equivalence derived by solution...

The proportionality between the square of distance traversed as measured in thermodynamic length and minimum associated dissipation a process is established new context independent dynamical laws. A quasistatic consisting K steps, each equilibrating with an appropriate reservoir, optimized respect to position steps allocation total time τ for among steps. It found that should be equal length. For large bounds based on are recovered.

Article What Conditions Make Minimum Entropy Production Equivalent to Maximum Power Production? was published on March 9, 2001 in the journal Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (volume 26, issue 1).

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAvailability for finite-time processes. General theory and a modelBjarne Andresen, Morton H. Rubin, R. Stephen BerryCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 15, 2704–2713Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100238a006https://doi.org/10.1021/j100238a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle...

The optimal heating or cooling strategy that minimizes entropy production is derived for a simple class of common heat transfer processes are constrained to proceed in fixed, finite time. empirical wisdom embodied conventional single-pass counterflow exchanger design examined light this solution. For judiciously selected system parameters, the can yield

For an arbitrary finite-time thermodynamic or information-based process we derive a lower bound on cumulative entropy production, as well the associated optimal operating strategy for minimizing production. The path corresponds to fixed rate of production in system, provided change is calculated terms natural dimensionless time scale system. constant speed algorithm simulated annealing derived from first principles and shown be leading term general expansion which represents solution....

An interpretation is given for the proposed metric of weinhold1 space thermodynamic states. The nij=∂2U/∂Xi∂Xi where X’di and Xj are extensive variables. physical significance Nij discussed. (AIP)

Abstract An overall synthesis of biology and non-equilibrium thermodynamics remains a challenge at the interface between physical life sciences. Herein, theorems from finite-time control are applied to biological processes indicate which strategies will succeed over different time scales. In general, living systems maximize power expense efficiency during early stages their development while proceeding slower rates longer The exact combination yield depends upon constraints on system,...

Many models of heat engines have been studied with the tools finite-time thermodynamics and an ensemble independent quantum systems as working fluid. Because their convenient analytical properties, harmonic oscillators are most frequently used example a system. We analyze different thermodynamical aspects final aim optimization performance engine in terms mechanical power provided during Otto cycle. The exchange mechanism between fluid thermal reservoirs is by Lindblad formalism. describe...