Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant signaling molecule that mediates the induction of defense responses upon attack by variety pathogens. Moreover, it antagonizes gene stress jasmonic (JA). Several SA-responsive genes are regulated basic/leucine zipper-type transcription factors TGA family. interact with NPR1, central regulator many SA-induced including SA/JA antagonism. In order to identify further regulatory proteins SA-dependent pathways, yeast protein interaction screen tobacco TGA2.2 as bait...

The three closely related Arabidopsis basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors TGA2, TGA5 and TGA6 are required for the establishment of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent plant defense response systemic acquired resistance, which is effective against biotrophic pathogens. Here we show that same essential activation jasmonic (JA)- ethylene (ET)-dependent mechanisms counteract necrotrophic pathogens: tga256 triple mutant impaired in JA/ET-induced PDF1.2 b-CHI expression, correlates with a...

The plant signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and/or xenobiotic chemicals like the auxin mimic 2,4-D induce transcriptional activation of defense- and stress-related genes that contain sequence-1 (as-1)-like cis-elements in their promoters. as-1-like sequences are recognized by basic/leucine zipper transcription factors TGA family. Expression related to SA-dependent defense program systemic acquired resistance requires TGA-interacting protein NPR1. However, a number as-1-containing...

A cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter derivative, which is tightly repressed by the Tn 10 encoded Tet repressor in a transient expression system as well transgenic plants has been constructed. After treatment of with tetracycline (Tc) activity reporter enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS) increased up to 500-fold tissue culture under greenhouse conditions. Efficient de-repression was achieved Tc uptake through roots leaves intact plants. As not very stable plants, this can also be used...

The chimeric transcriptional activator tTA, a fusion between the Tn10 encoded Tet repressor and activation domain of Herpes simplex virion protein VP16, was stably expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. It stimulates transcription beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene from an artificial promoter consisting 7 tet operators TATA-box. Tetracycline, which interferes with binding tTA to operator DNA, reduces gus expression over several orders magnitude. This stringency regulation suggests that system...

The Arabidopsis thaliana NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1 (NPR1, also known as NIM1) protein is an essential positive regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-induced PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) gene expression and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). activity regulated at the level redox-dependent nuclear transport NPR1. NPR1 interacts with members TGA family transcription factors that are to bind SA-responsive elements in PR-1 promoter. In attempt identify proteins involved SA-mediated signal transduction,...

Summary A cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter derivative, which is tightly repressed by the Tn 10 encoded Tet repressor in a transient expression system as well transgenic plants has been constructed. After treatment of with tetracycline (Tc) activity reporter enzyme β‐glucuronidase (GUS) increased up to 500‐fold tissue culture under greenhouse conditions. Efficient derepression was achieved Tc uptake through roots leaves intact plants. As not very stable plants, this can also be...

Terpene volatiles play important roles in plant-organism interactions as attractants of pollinators or defense compounds against herbivores. Among the most common plant are homoterpenes, which often emitted from night-scented flowers and aerial tissues upon herbivore attack. Homoterpene released herbivore-damaged tissue thought to contribute indirect by attracting natural enemies pests. Moreover, homoterpenes have been demonstrated induce defensive responses plant–plant interaction. Although...

Abstract Volatile secondary metabolites emitted by plants contribute to plant–plant, plant–fungus, and plant–insect interactions. The C16-homoterpene TMTT (for 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene) is after herbivore attack a wide variety of plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, assumed play role in attracting predators or parasitoids herbivores. has been suggested be formed as degradation product the diterpene alcohol (E,E)-geranyllinalool. Here, we report identification...

Plant responses to wounding are part of their defense against insects, and tightly regulated. The isoleucin conjugate jasmonic acid (JA-Ile) is a major regulatory molecule. We have previously shown that inositol polyphosphate signals required for in Arabidopsis; however, the way which polyphosphates contribute plant has so far remained unclear. Arabidopsis F-box proteins involved perception JA-Ile (COI1) auxin (TIR1) structurally similar. Because TIR1 recently been contain hexakisphosphate...

Verticillium longisporum (VL) is one of the most devastating diseases in important oil crops from family Brassicaceae. The fungus resides for much time its life cycle extracellular fluid vascular system, where it cannot be controlled by conventional fungicides. To obtain insights into biology VL-plant interaction apoplast, secretome consisting proteome and metabolome as well cell wall properties were studied model Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis thaliana. VL infection resulted increased production...

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA), a hormone essential for defense against biotrophic pathogens, triggers increased susceptibility of plants necrotrophic attackers by suppressing the jasmonic acid-ethylene (ET) response. Here, we show that this disease-promoting SA effect is abolished in lacking three related TGACG sequence-specific binding proteins TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6 (class II TGAs). After treatment with ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC), activation all those genes are...

Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen causing economic loss in rape. Using the model plant Arabidopsis this study analyzed metabolic changes upon fungal infection order to identify possible defense strategies of Brassicaceae against fungus. Metabolite fingerprinting identified infection-induced metabolites derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. Targeted analysis confirmed accumulation sinapoyl glucosides, coniferin, syringin and lignans leaves early stages on. At later...

Abstract N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) accumulates in the plant foliage response to a localized microbial attack and induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) distant leaf tissue. Previous studies indicated that pathogen inoculation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) systemically activates SAR-related transcriptional reprogramming primed immune status strict dependence FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1), which mediates endogenous biosynthesis NHP. Here, we show elevations NHP by...

Class I glutaredoxins (GRXs) are nearly ubiquitous proteins that catalyse the glutathione (GSH)-dependent reduction of mainly glutathionylated substrates. In land plants, a third class GRXs has evolved (class III). III regulate activity TGA transcription factors through yet unexplored mechanisms. Here we show Arabidopsis thaliana GRX ROXY9 is inactive as an oxidoreductase on widely used model Glutathionylation active site cysteine, prerequisite for enzymatic activity, occurs only under...

Abstract Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing Arabidopsis phytochrome B were characterized morphologically and physiologically under white light in a greenhouse to explore their potential for improved photosynthesis higher tuber yields. As expected, overexpression of functional caused pleiotropic effects such as semidwarfism, decreased apical dominance, number smaller but thicker leaves, increased pigmentation. Because numbers chloroplasts elongated palisade cells, per...

In higher plants, activating sequence-1 (as-1) of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S promoter mediates both salicylic acid (SA)- and auxin-inducible transcriptional activation. Originally found in promoters several viral bacterial plant pathogens, as-1-like elements are also functional activated course a defense response upon pathogen attack. Nuclear as-1-binding factor (ASF-1) cellular protein (SARP) bind specifically to as-1. Four different tobacco bZIP transcription factors (TGA1a, PG13,...

Salicylic acid (SA) is a crucial internal signaling molecule needed for the induction of plant defense responses upon attack variety pathogens. Basic leucine zipper transcription factors TGA family bind to activating sequence-1 (as-1)-like elements which are SA-responsive cis found in promoters 'immediate early' and 'late' SA-inducible genes. TGA2.2 constitutes main component tobacco as-1-binding factor-1 (ASF-1). TGA2.1, differs from by being able activate yeast, minor fraction complex....

Abstract The possibility that reduced photomorphogenic responses could increase field crop yield has been suggested often, but experimental support is still lacking. Here, we report ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis PHYB (phytochrome B) gene, a photoreceptor involved in detecting red to far-red light ratio associated with plant density, can tuber field-grown transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops. Surprisingly, this effect was larger at very high densities, despite intense reduction...

The Tn10-encoded tet repressor-operator system was used to regulate transcription from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Expression monitored in a transient assay by using electric field-mediated gene transfer ("electroporation") into tobacco protoplasts. repressor, being expressed plant cells under control of eukaryotic signals, blocks CaMV promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) fusion when two operators flank "TATA" box. In presence inducer tetracycline,...

Summary Botrytis cinerea is a major pre‐ and post‐harvest necrotrophic pathogen with broad host range that causes substantial crop losses. The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) involved in the basal resistance against this fungus. Despite resistance, virulent strains of B. can cause disease on Arabidopsis thaliana pathogens interfere metabolism way to facilitate infection plant. However, genes are required by for remain poorly described. To find such genes, we have compared changes gene...