ABSTRACT Beer–Lambert law deviation is often observed. Here, we propose alternative wavelength 279.95 nm for ozone concentration measurement between 357 and 971 μL L −1 to preserve linearity. Sensor loses linearity below transmittance 0.2165, as sensor approaches saturation. We recommend of above 0.2165 strong linear relation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1013–1016,

LED-based lighting is rapidly replacing conventional incandescent and fluorescent due to its high energy efficiency long usage cycle. Visible Light Communication (VLC) Fidelity (LiFi) have extended this usefulness the transmission of data, LEDs' capability for rates intensity modulation. In paper, we give an overview frontend elements propagation channel a LiFi Attocell (LAC) Network, discuss as indoor complement RF communications. MATLAB simulation results are presented depict distribution...

The manuscript is a review of basic essentials to ozone gas sensing with optical methods. Optical methods are employed monitor absorption, emission, reflectance and scattering samples at specific wavelengths light spectrum. In the their importance in numerous disciplines analytical sciences, necessary integral information that serves both as basis reference material for intending researchers others field inevitable. This provides insight into fibre sensors. Ozone chosen gas. Simulation...

Hausa sign language (HSL) is the main communication medium among deaf-mute Hausas in northern Nigeria. HSL so unique that a individual from other part of country can rarely understand it. includes static and dynamic hand gesture recognitions. In this paper we present an intelligent recognition static, manual nonmanual using enhanced Fourier descriptor. A Red Green Blue (RGB) digital camera was used for image acquisition descriptor features extraction. The extracted chosen manually fed into...

Accurate value of absorption cross section is required for correct measurement ozone concentration. Measurement has been done at different altitude and pressure. However, previous work failed to establish significant relation between pressure section. Therefore, this aims maximum via spectralcalc.com gas cell simulator. Simulation results show 1.148×10 -21 m 2 molecule -1 wavelength 255.442 nm are independent changes from 0.1 atm 3.0 atm. Thus, concentration strongly recommended due...

Preliminary study to measure gaseous ozone concentration using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy is presented. Firstly, background of introduced. Next, fundamental theory behind discussed based on Beer-Lambert’s Law and spectrum ozone. After that, cross section simulated via spectralcalc.com. Temperature system varied. Peak peak wavelength are found be 1.166 ´ 10-21 m2 molecule-1 255.376 nm respectively at 300 K 0 torr. Absorption in region shows slight variation most 1.286 per cent when...

Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy is reliable for ozone concentration measurement. Concentration range and optical path length are inversely related based on theoretical calculation observation of previous work. However, gas cells application typically not expandable. In addition, they incur cost custom fabrication. Here we design a reconfigurable brass cell that may interchange between 5.6 cm 10.8 cm. Components available at low cost, easy to joint ready use. Theoretical background...

Sensor response time T (90) or speed of is mathematically a function the rate diffusion gas sample in an absorption spectroscopic cell. Increasing increases and vice versa. In this article, we present design analytical results on reflective type ozone sensor. The variables length cross sectional area were interplayed to optimise diffusion. Two optical reflectors employed increasing path sensor; resulted simultaneous reduction effective cell increase diameter (cylindrical structure). Ozone 30...

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been presented as an alternative technology due to its ability accommodate immense connectivity and enhances spectral efficiency in 5G future wireless networks. NOMA, contrast orthogonal systems, allows numerous users share the same radio resource at time, breaking orthogonality of traditional access. However, power allocation is a critical challenge designing effective NOMA system. In this work, authors investigated fair considered it pertinent...

The paradigm shift in the use cases of wireless communication necessitates need to move toward higher data rates, large bandwidths, and intelligent reconfiguration 6G. This paper presents a novel double T-shaped antenna array that operates between 4GHz 16GHz for 6G mobile communication. consists rectangular microstrip with fractal Tshaped slot, cut at rear provide an air gap improved radiation pattern.

Hidden node problem sometimes referred to as frequent packets collision that mostly leads loss of is no longer new in wireless networks because it affects the previous IEEE802.11 standards. The IEEE802.11ah standard which also a sub-standard IEEE 802.11 exemption. As matter fact, suffers from hidden more than (IEEE 802.11a/b/n/ac) due their wider coverage up 1km, high number devices they can support (over 8000 nodes one AP) and simultaneous sleeping sending (power saving mode). A few...

The use of optical retro-reflectors in improving the sensitivity and response time an sensor based on absorption spectroscopy for measurement ozone gas is presented. Two are employed design a 30cm 20 cm cells. Our analysis shows that, cell, 0.0451ppm 0.0901ppm achievable while 20cm cell we can achieve value 0.0681ppm. However these values dependent density sensor. In general with wider diameters has potentials faster time.

Inconsistencies in the absorption cross section of ozone have been observed. Hence, for accurate measurement, we reported combined effects varying optical path-length and temperature on gas (OACS) at 334.15nm. Adopting spectroscopy, results simulated using spectralcalc simulator with HITRAN 12 has latest line list. OACS increased by 52.27% as from 100K to 350K while it was slightly affected a 0.007% decrease 0.75cm-130cm.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist mainly of resource constrained sensor nodes and gateways. Therefore, various lightweight communication protocols are emerging for Machine to (M2M) communications. Among the application layer data in WSNs, two most popular devices Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) with a variant (MQTT-SN) Constrained Application (CoAP). Studies have shown that performance these different dependent on network conditions. CoAP is more efficient terms...

The design and mathematical model of a reflective type optical gas sensor is presented. Light source radiated at an incident angle for 10 cm cell with internal diameter 0.4 cm. At 1 o , path length obtained 342.7886 cm, 27 angle, 10.4926 28 9.9631 most efficient lower angles, precisely between (1 ). Effects variation in are also demonstrated.

Laboratory design of an ozoneconcentration regulator which is build on the theory continuity equation forgas flow in parallel pipes conjunction with ozone elimination potentialsof destructor presented. At initial oxygen rate 33.33 cm3s-1,ozone concentration was  generated andvaried between 429.30 parts per million (ppm) to 3826.60 ppm.  Similarly at 25cm3s-1, and varied 387.30 ppm to4435.20 ppm. Effect meter when was set toapproximate 1000 ppm  were investigatedand reported. Fine tuning...

Power consumption is a key consideration in every WLAN MAC protocol design for wireless devices and extending battery life requires more efficient power management scheme considering that Carrier sensing by modules consumes enormous amount of power. Researchers over the years have proposed implemented various schemes using low-power Wake-up Radio carrier sense which has proven to be effective. In this paper, comprehensive literature review research progress WuR-based energy saving presented....

The effect of inlet radius a transmission type optical gas cell on its response time is reported. Six cells varying lengths, and internal 0.32cm were considered at first then other diameters also investigated afterwards. easily discernible all velocities considered; however it more pronounced lower flow rates. At velocity 16.79cm/s ozone gas, for target sensing ≤ 0.5 seconds; we observed that the requirements lengths not same specific speed. length are proportional to radius.