Malignant gliomas are highly lethal cancers dependent on angiogenesis. Critical tumor subpopulations within share characteristics with neural stem cells. We examined the potential of cell-like glioma cells (SCLGC) to support SCLGC isolated from human glioblastoma biopsy specimens and xenografts potently generated tumors when implanted into brains immunocompromised mice, whereas non-SCLGC only a few formed secondary xenotransplanted. Tumors derived were morphologically distinguishable...

Abstract The ability to nondestructively image and automatically phenotype complex root systems, like those of rice (Oryza sativa), is fundamental identifying genes underlying system architecture (RSA). Although systems are central plant fitness, responsible for RSA remains an underexplored opportunity crop improvement. Here we describe a nondestructive imaging analysis automated phenotyping trait ranking RSA. Using this system, roots from 12 genotypes. We estimate traits previously...

Summary Bundle sheath ( BS ) cells form a single cell layer surrounding the vascular tissue in leaves. In C3 plants, photosynthesis occurs both and mesophyll cells, but are major sites of C4 whereas only involved CO 2 fixation. Because plants more efficient photosynthetically, introduction mechanism into is considered key strategy to improve crop yield. One prerequisite for such C3‐to‐C4 engineering ability manipulate number physiology molecular basis cell‐fate specification remains unclear....

Abstract SHORT-ROOT (SHR) is a key regulator of root growth and development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Made the stele, SHR protein moves into an adjacent cell layer, where it specifies endodermal fate; also essential for apical meristem maintenance, ground tissue patterning, vascular differentiation, lateral formation. Much has been learned about mechanism by which controls radial but how regulates other aspects morphogenesis still unclear. To dissect developmental pathway, we...

Abstract Sugar is essential for all cellular activities, but at high levels it inhibits growth and development. How plants balance the tradeoffs between need sugars their inhibitory effects poorly understood. SHORT-ROOT (SHR) SCARECROW (SCR) are key regulators of stem cell renewal radial patterning in root Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Recently, we identified direct targets SHR genome scale. Intriguingly, among top-ranked list, found a number genes that involved stress responses. By...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are harmful to all living organisms and therefore they must be removed ensure normal growth development. ROS also signaling molecules, but so far little is known about the mechanisms of perception developmental response in plants. We here report that hydrogen peroxide induces cortex proliferation Arabidopsis root SPINDLY (SPY), an O-linked glucosamine acetyltransferase, regulates by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. found mutation leucine-rich receptor...

Root growth relies on both cell division and elongation, which occur in the meristem elongation zones, respectively. SCARECROW (SCR) SHORT-ROOT (SHR) are GRAS family genes essential for root radial patterning Arabidopsis root. Previous studies showed that SCR SHR promote by suppressing cytokinin response meristem, but there is evidence expressed beyond also required growth. Here we report a previously unknown role promoting elongation. Consistent with this, found scr mutant accumulated...

Abstract The establishment of reproductive isolation between species via gametic incompatibility initially requires within-species selection for variation in compatibility. We investigate how the generation sperm and egg recognition proteins, potentially sexual conflict, influences two partially sympatric sea urchin species; North American west coast Mesocentrotus franciscanus circumpolar Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Barriers to hybridization are stronger when eggs given a choice...

A diffuse optical tomography system with chaotic laser is proposed for the three-dimensional phantom. The high signal-to-noise ratio beneficial to improve spatial resolution of tomography. It essential drive as incident light into transmitted emitted from phantom detection and a part reference carry out cross-correlation analysis. high-density source-detector configuration in parallel plate structure designed detecting targets propagation studied theoretically experimentally based on...

The generation of reproductive incompatibility between groups requires a rare genotype with low compatibility to increase in frequency. We tested the hypothesis that sexual conflict driven by risk polyspermy can generate gamete recognition proteins (GRPs) sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus. examined variation sperm (bindin) and egg (EBR1) GRPs, how this influences fertilization success allele frequencies shift these GRPs over time. EBR1 gene is large, 4595 amino acid protein made up 27...

SHORT-ROOT (SHR) is a key regulator of radial patterning and stem-cell renewal in the Arabidopsis root. Although SHR expressed stele, its function vascular tissue was not recognized until recently. In shr, protoxylem missing due to loss expression microRNA165A (miR165A) microRNA166B (miR165B). shr also defective lateral root formation, but mechanism remains unclear. To dissect developmental pathway, we recently have identified direct targets at genome scale by chromatin immunoprecipitation...

Abstract Background Long-range interactions between promoters and cis -regulatory elements, such as enhancers, play critical roles in gene regulation. However, the role of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure orchestrating changes transcriptional regulation during direct cell reprogramming is not fully understood. Results Here, we performed integrated analyses chromosomal architecture, epigenetics, expression using Hi-C, promoter Capture Hi-C (PCHi-C), ChIP-seq, RNA-seq...

We experimentally study the complexity of polarization components chaotic fiber lasers by permutation entropy, skewness and kurtosis. The experimental setup for analysis is composed laser, beam splitter data-processing systems. effects different states pump currents on complexity, kurtosis are discussed in detail. result shows laser with high-complexity can be obtained analyzing component polarization. random characteristics analyzed autocorrelation function. spatial resolution combining...

Supplementary Figures 1-7 from Stem Cell–like Glioma Cells Promote Tumor Angiogenesis through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

<div>Abstract<p>Malignant gliomas are highly lethal cancers dependent on angiogenesis. Critical tumor subpopulations within share characteristics with neural stem cells. We examined the potential of cell–like glioma cells (SCLGC) to support SCLGC isolated from human glioblastoma biopsy specimens and xenografts potently generated tumors when implanted into brains immunocompromised mice, whereas non-SCLGC only a few formed secondary xenotransplanted. Tumors derived were...

Supplementary Figures 1-7 from Stem Cell–like Glioma Cells Promote Tumor Angiogenesis through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

<div>Abstract<p>Malignant gliomas are highly lethal cancers dependent on angiogenesis. Critical tumor subpopulations within share characteristics with neural stem cells. We examined the potential of cell–like glioma cells (SCLGC) to support SCLGC isolated from human glioblastoma biopsy specimens and xenografts potently generated tumors when implanted into brains immunocompromised mice, whereas non-SCLGC only a few formed secondary xenotransplanted. Tumors derived were...

We proposed a fiber loop ring down (FLRD) fault detection system with high spatial resolution using random distributed multiultrashort pulse (RDMUP). The RDMUPs are generated in mode-locked laser. studied the characteristics and autocorrelation function of RDMUPs. narrower full width at half maxima can achieve better for detection. So, we analyzed RDMUP as signal FLRD reflected light passed through point achieves position measurement combination analysis transmitted detailed loss by time...

Abstract Root growth relies on both cell division and elongation, which occur in the meristem elongation zones respectively. SCARECROW (SCR) is a GRAS family gene essential for root radial patterning Arabidopsis root. Previous studies showed that SCR promotes by suppressing cytokinin response meristem, but there also evidence expressed beyond required as well growth. Here we report promoting through suppression of oxidative stress maintenance redox homeostasis zone. In scr root, higher level...