In error management training, participants are explicitly encouraged to make errors and learn from them. Error training has frequently been shown lead better performance than conventional trainings that adopt an avoidant approach. The present study investigated self-regulatory processes mediating this effect. Fifty-five volunteer students learned a computer program under 1 of 3 conditions: or supplemented with metacognitive module. As predicted, both forms led transfer did (d = 0.75)....

Every organization is confronted with errors. Most errors are corrected easily, but some may lead to negative consequences. Organizations often focus on error prevention as a single strategy for dealing Our review suggests that needs be supplemented by management--an approach directed at effectively after they have occurred, the goal of minimizing and maximizing positive consequences (examples latter learning innovations). After defining related concepts, we research error-related processes...

Error management training explicitly allows participants to make errors. We examined the effects of error instructions (“rules thumb” designed reduce negative emotional errors), goal orientation (learning goal, prove and avoidance orientations) attribute x treatment interactions on performance. A randomized experiment with 87 consisting 3 procedures for learning work a computer program was conducted: (a) instructions, (b) without instructions; (c) group that prevented from making Results...

A model of business success was developed with motivational resources (locus control, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and self-reported personal initiative) cognitive (cognitive ability human capital) as independent variables, owners' elaborate proactive planning a mediator, size growth dependent variables. Three studies total 408 African micro small-scale owners were conducted in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia. Structural equation analyses partially supported the hypotheses on...

The study examines antecedents and outcomes of deliberate practice activities in South African small businesses. Deliberate consists individualized self‐regulated effortful aimed at improving one's current performance level. Interview questionnaire data from 90 business owners showed a direct impact on entrepreneurial knowledge as well an indirect effect growth via knowledge. Cognitive ability education were identified practice. Findings underline the importance continuous proactive learning...

Informal learning activities are increasingly acknowledged as significant for and development in modern workplaces. Yet, systematic research on effects of informal work‐related outcomes remains scarce. The present focuses deliberate practice—a construct from cognitive‐psychological expertise that describes effortful practice specifically designed to improve one's performance. We propose can be applied informally at work and, the context entrepreneurship, may contribute entrepreneurial...

The concept of deliberate practice was introduced to explain exceptional performance in domains such as music and chess. We apply theory intermediate-level typing, an activity that many people pursue on a regular basis. Sixty university students with several years typing experience participated laboratory sessions involved the assessment abilities, semistructured interview well various tasks. In line traditional theories skill acquisition, (amount since introduction keyboard) related...

Active training approaches encourage self‐directed exploration, whereas guided stresses direct instruction and external guidance during training. The present research investigated interactions of individual‐difference variables—motivation cognitive ability—and approach on performance in tasks that are similar to (analogical transfer) novel distinct from (adaptive transfer). In accordance with a resource allocation framework ( Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989 ), we expected effects individual...

Setting high and specific goals is one of the best-established management tools to increase performance motivation. However, in recent years, potential downsides goal-setting are being discussed. One possible downside risk failing goal. In an approach integrate research on consequences goal-failure basic assumptions theory, we investigated whether failure a goal has detrimental effects person’s affect, self-esteem, Experiment 1, 185 participants received fictitious feedback about attaining...

Construct validity of the German Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI-G) was tested in two respects. Firstly, purported four-dimensional structure TAI-G (comprising subscales Emotionality, Worry, Interference, and Lack Confidence) as well relations test anxiety dimensions to self-efficacy were tested. Secondly, trait conception within framework Latent State-Trait theory. The given a student sample (N=302) on three occasions with time interval 2 weeks along study-specific scale occasion 1....

An extension of latent state-trait (LST) theory to hierarchical LST models is presented. In models, the covariances between 2 or more traits are explained by a general 3rd-order factor, and state residuals pertaining different measured on same measurement occasion 2nd-order occasion-specific factors. Analogous recent developments in multitrait-multimethod methodology, all factors interpreted relation taken as comparison standards. empirical example from test anxiety research illustrates how...

Errors can be a source of learning. However, little is known to what extent learning from errors depends on error characteristics and the context in which was made. We tested assumption that more occurs with severe consequences when made by oneself. further investigated if how organizational culture differs between countries. In two vignette studies (Study 1, N = 118 United States; Study 2, 588 States, Hungary, Germany), participants responded scenarios happened employees at work. As...

Field studies indicate that error management culture can be beneficial for organizational performance. The question of whether and how induced remained unanswered. We conducted two experiments with newly formed teams, in which we aimed to induce explore would also find effects on performance an experimental setting. Furthermore, tested strength moderates the relationship between In Study 1, used tasks require rational problem solving. 2, a task requires creative successfully manipulated...

The use of masculine generics (i.e., grammatically forms that refer to both men and women) is prevalent in many languages but has been criticized for potentially triggering male bias. Empirical evidence this claim exists often based on small selective samples. This study a high-powered pre-registered replication extension 20-year-old biasing effect German speakers. Under 1 4 conditions (masculine vs. three gender-inclusive alternatives), 344 participants listed 3 persons 6 popular...

Errors at work can lead to learning but little is known about error attributes and person that make more or less likely. This research tested the role of severity consequences (error attribute) trait negative affectivity (person for from error. In two experimental vignette studies, participants responded written scenarios typically happen university students (Study 1, N = 216) employees 2, 121). support view need be severe enough attract attention, increased both affective (perceived utility...

Do people learn from failure or do they mentally "tune-out" upon feedback, which in turn undermines learning? Recent research (Eskreis-Winkler & Fishbach, 2019) has suggested the latter, whereas educational and work settings indicates that can lead to more learning than success error-free performance. We conducted two preregistered experiments replicate tune-out effect test potential boundary conditions (N = 520). The fully replicated those experimental represented close replications of...

In negotiations, a focus on interests (why negotiators want something) is key to integrative agreements. Yet, many spontaneously positions (what they want), with suboptimal outcomes. Our research applies construal-level theory negotiations and proposes that high construal level instigates during which, in turn, positively affects particular, we tested the notion effect of outcomes was mediated by information exchange judgement accuracy. Finally, expected mere mode presentation task material...

Abstract An organizational climate of error management is associated with favorable outcomes, including firm success, innovation, and safety. But how can an be induced? The present research used newly formed teams in a controlled setting as model tested the effect two brief interventions on team performance. In three-person teams, 180 participants worked tasks that required communication coordination, under 1 3 experimental conditions. Two these were designed to induce either indirectly, via...

Abstract A common assumption is that good leaders are driven by a power motive motivates them to influence others. However, need restrain themselves in social dilemmas where cooperation maximizes collective outcomes. We theorize dilemmas, desire for positive relationships (affiliation motive) more beneficial than because it draws attention away from short-term self-interest towards understanding In game of Settlers Catan the laboratory, we find functional variant affiliation relates verbal...