The Kalman filter variants extended (EKF) and error-state (ESKF) are widely used in underwater multi-sensor fusion applications for localization navigation. Since these filters designed by employing first-order Taylor series approximation the error covariance matrix, they result a decrease estimation accuracy under high nonlinearity. In order to address this problem, we proposed novel algorithm vehicle that improves state augmentation of radial basis function (RBF) neural network with ESKF....

The Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks has drawn the attention of researchers around globe because its diversified applications. network is based on battery-operated acoustic sensor nodes therefore, it utmost significance to design energy efficient routing protocol. One major reasons for inefficient consumption imbalance utilization in different areas underwater region which leads hotspot issues. In this article, a novel localization-free Energy Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol...

Symbiotic infection with fungal endophytes has been shown to decrease herbivory in several temperate grasses. We tested the hypothesis that foliar of grasses may also affect below‐ground processes upon their host death, by altering litter quality for detritivores or microenvironment decomposition. Microcosm–litterbag experiments were used assess decay rates produced endophyte ( Neotyphodium sp.) infected vs uninfected Lolium multiflorum plants, and examine endophyte‐mediated effects prior...

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning is not available underwater due to the very short range of electromagnetic waves in sea water medium. In this article a LBL (Long Base Line) acoustic repeater system presented. The hyperbolic, i.e., based on time differences and it does need accurate atomic clocks synchronize repeaters. architecture calculations that demonstrate feasibility solution are uses four buoys sequentially transmit their position instant transmission, for which...

The need of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) having mobile nodes has been there for a long time in form warfare or explorations by autonomous vehicles (AUVs) remote unmanned (ROVs). There are very few protocols ad hoc UWSNs (AMUWSNs). Designing protocol AMUWSN is quite challenging because continuous random movement the nodes. In addition to movement, challenges design routing more demanding than terrestrial due acoustic communications, which large propagation delay water. this...

Nepal, a lower-middle-income country in South Asia, predominantly features smallholder farming communities operating on modest land holdings. These smallholders often adhere to traditional methods, relying familial labor, which has become increasingly inefficient contemporary agricultural landscapes. To enhance their productivity and efficiency, farmers require affordable accessible Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems. However, the prevailing IoT solutions market primarily cater...

A dual-band planar-slot antenna that operates through a single coplanar waveguide (CPW) port in two 10% wide-frequency bands, one octave apart is presented. An input T-match circuit used to match the both without increasing its size and keeping CPW feed advantages. case covering Global System for Mobile communications bands (0.88-0.96 GHz 1.71-1.88 GHz) Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications band (1.88-1.9 has been designed, built, measured, demonstrate technique. proprietary program,...

Interdigital capacitors (IDCs) are convenient capacitance devices in microstrip circuits, even if only low values can be achieved. Nevertheless, undesired resonances degrade their performance when frequency increases. Short circuits across the end of alternate fingers IDC improve its high response by eliminating that drawback. Simulated and measured results presented.

A coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed rectangular-loop slot antenna with built-in tuning and DC-return capabilities on extended hemispherical lenses is examined. The proposed configuration scalable up to the submillimeter-wave frequencies. For designing analyzing impedance characteristics of antenna, a multilayer method moments (MoM) solver has been developed based mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) formulation. corresponding patterns through lens are obtained using geometrical optics surface...

Transmission-line transformers are devices used to match RF and microwave devices, make the conversion balanced-unbalanced, or both things simultaneously. mandatory at frequencies where traditional magnetic coupling do not operate properly. In this paper, a procedure design transmission-line with different configurations is presented. The based on theoretical analysis of device has been validated via experimental study.

In this paper, we assess the performance of a generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) transceiver for underwater acoustic high data-rate transmission. We also present comprehensive overview work done in field next generation multicarrier techniques beyond orthogonal (OFDM) (UWA) channels. Since very little has been determining feasibility GFDM, evaluate proposed GFDM terms spectral efficiency, peak to average power ratio, error rates and complexity using simulations. employ two...

In this letter, the statistical behaviour of shallow water acoustic channel for wireless communications is shown to be well characterized by Ricean shadowed distribution, which has never been proposed communication purposes on type channel. This characterization clearly motivated from and physical perspectives both theoretical practical advantages compared previously models.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy due nodes close and far from sink node (gateway), which affect overall efficiency system. These wireless sensors gather route data onshore base station through gateway at sea surface. However, finding an optimum efficient path source challenging task. The common reasons loss in...

In this study, an effort to synchronize and localize the underwater sensors simultaneously in a multi-hop environment is considered. Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has limited range connectivity due propagation delay bandwidth. By using environment, we can extend enhancing network for providing more accurate localization synchronization technique. We have established connection between point directed links then analytically construct model as function of range, delay, timestamps....

Citrus fruit cultivation, especially mandarin oranges, is crucial to the economy of Nepal’s hilly regions due their ideal geoclimatic conditions. Despite its economic importance, sector faces several challenges, such as inadequate grafting techniques, low-quality saplings, and ineffective post-harvest storage. This paper explores these issues proposes innovative solutions through use Internet Things (IoT) technology. To address we identified key areas for improvement. First, focused on...

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) have two important limitations: a very aggressive (marine) environment, and the use of acoustic signals. This means that techniques for terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSN) are not applicable. paper proposes routing protocol called "Self-Organizing Scalable Routing Protocol" (SOSRP) which is decentralized based on tables residing in each node. A combination hop value to collector node distance used as criterion create routes leading sink The...