A5000935200- Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques
- Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability
- Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies
- solar cell performance optimization
- Electronic Packaging and Soldering Technologies
- German Literature and Culture Studies
- Maritime Security and History
- Electrical Fault Detection and Protection
- Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films
- Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics
- Thin-Film Transistor Technologies
- Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies
- Liquid Crystal Research Advancements
- Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems
- Historical Influence and Diplomacy
- Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
- Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics
- Energy and Environment Impacts
- Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis
- Structural Analysis of Composite Materials
- Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
- Material Selection and Properties
- Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
- Digital Innovation in Industries
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2016-2025
UL Research Institutes
2023
Intertek (United States)
2023
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
2023
Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute
2023
Carl Zeiss (Germany)
2022
University of Konstanz
2010-2021
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek
2014
Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2014
Volkswagen Group (United States)
2014
Over the past decade, degradation and power loss have been observed in PV modules resulting from stress exerted by system voltage bias. This is due part to qualification tests standards that do not adequately evaluate for durability of long-term effects high bias experienced fielded arrays. High can lead module multiple mechanisms. The extent linked leakage current or culombs passed silicon active layer through encapsulant glass grounded frame, which be experimentally determined; however,...
ABSTRACT Photovoltaic (PV) modules operate at temperatures above ambient owing to the thermal energy of sunlight. The operating temperature primarily depends on temperature, incident sunlight, mounting configuration, packaging and wind speed. In this paper, cumulative degradation is modeled follow Arrhenius behavior. data are analyzed determine constant that would give average aging equivalent variable observed in field. These calculated for various locations using six configurations,...
ABSTRACT Many thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be sensitive to corrosion induced by the presence of water vapor in packaging materials. Typically impermeable front and backsheets are used conjunction with an edge‐seal around perimeter prevent ingress. These materials often made a polyisobutylene resin filled desiccant, which dramatically increases time for moisture reach module components. While edge‐seals ingress, even lowest diffusivity transparent encapsulant insufficient...
Abstract Previously undiscovered failure modes in photovoltaic (PV) modules continue to emerge field installations despite passing protocols for design qualification and quality assurance. Failure detect these prior widespread use could be attributed the limitations of present‐day standard accelerated stress tests (ASTs), which are primarily designed identify known degradation or at time development by applying simultaneous sequential factors (usually two most). Here, we introduce an testing...
The development of flexible organic light emitting diode displays and thin film photovoltaic devices is dependent on the use flexible, low-cost, optically transparent durable barriers to moisture and/or oxygen. It estimated that this will require high with water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) between 10(-4) 10(-6) g/m(2)/day. Thus there a need develop relatively fast, quantitative method evaluate such low permeation rates. Here, we demonstrate where resistance changes patterned Ca films,...
Photovoltaic (PV) modules operate in an extreme environment and are exposed to radiation, humidity, hot cold thermal extremes. This paper focuses on polymeric-material degradation during PV-module operation at high ambient temperatures, solar irradiance low wind speed. The 2004 version of the IEC 61730 specification requires all polymeric materials used a photovoltaic module have Relative Thermal Index (RTI) or Endurance (RTE) least 20°C greater than maximum material temperature measured...
Acceleration factors are calculated for crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules under system voltage stress by comparing the module power during degradation outdoors with that in accelerated testing at three temperatures and 85% relative humidity. A lognormal analysis is applied to lifetime test data, considering failure 80% of initial power. Activation energy 0.73 eV rate determined chamber constant humidity, probability an arbitrary temperature predicted. To obtain statistical data...
Encapsulant materials used in photovoltaic (PV) modules serve multiple purposes.They physically hold components place, provide electrical insulation, reduce moisture ingress, optically couple superstrate (e.g., glass) to PV cells, protect from mechanical stress by mechanically de-coupling via strain relief, and corrosion.To do this, encapsulants must adhere well all surfaces, remain compliant, transmit light after exposure temperature, humidity, UV radiation histories.Here, a brief review of...
A range of discoid species with benzene or triazine cores and three (trialkoxyaryl)oxadiazole arms have been synthesized. 1,3,5-tris{5-[3,4,5-tris(octyloxy)phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}benzene has studied in detail; it exhibits a columnar discotic liquid-crystalline mesophase between 38 about 210 °C. The time-of-flight electron mobility at room-temperature varies from 10-3 to 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1, indicating these materials may find applications organic electronics.
Damp heat testing is an integral part of the module qualification test sequence. To develop accelerated stress tests for wear out mechanisms, laboratories have been extending damp beyond level. This paper examines failure analysis modules exposed to extended and concludes that there no evidence dominant observed mode occurs in fielded modules. Analysis moisture ingress shows exposes much higher levels than will ever be experienced field. Humidity driven field failures instead often appear...
In use, photovoltaic modules are exposed to a wide range of environments and mounting conditions, each with unique combination temperature humidity profiles. Here, we model the several representative climates use this estimate amount moisture entering PV module. Then, data hydrolytic degradation polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in back-sheets. A very good understanding kinetics exists for PET. Calculations using PET along environmental demonstrates that damp heat test exposes equal...
Abstract Photovoltaic devices are often sensitive to moisture and must be packaged in such a way as limit ingress for 25 years or more. Typically, this is accomplished through the use of impermeable front backsheets (e.g., glass sheets metal foils). However, will still allow between from edges. Attempts hermetically seal with frit similarly welded bonds at edge have had problems costs mechanical strength. Because this, low diffusivity polyisobutylene materials filled desiccant typically...