This study examined the changes in properties of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after intense drying. Beech with false red heartwood was selected as test specimen. The samples had dimensions 50 mm thickness, 180 width, and 350 length. specimens were divided into two groups, sapwood. These different angles growth rings (radial tangential). results showed that heartwood, comparison to sapwood content, a remarkable effect covering. Observation before drying process revealed significant...

Abstract Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) metabolizes the conversion of l-phosphoserine to l-serine, classically known as an amino acid necessary for protein and nucleotide synthesis more recently suggested be involved in cell-to-cell signaling. Previously, we identified PSP being enriched proliferating neural progenitors highly expressed by embryonic hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting a general role cells. Here demonstrate that is periventricular brain. In adult brain, expression was...

The influence of the impregnation process pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples on electrical resistance changes and moisture-content measurement accuracy is presented in this paper. In study, resistances impregnated nonimpregnated green timber harvested from northern Poland were compared. An method based a vacuum-pressure chamber was used. Copper salts applied as solutions. obtained results comparison showed dependence moisture content. Higher conductivity occurred filled with copper salt...

Abstract The technology of high temperature drying has a great influence on dimensional and selected physical changes in tension wood. Article is focused the measurement properties such as moisture content, color longitudinal warping. quality beech wood determined based structure wood, frequency defects material. considered an important defect causing negative alterations solid limits industrial application different values warping which were measured after higher than normal Impact radial...

The results of experimental research on the colour changes beech wood at different depths tested layer are presented. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dried in a conventional kiln was tested. Half samples were steamed prior to drying process. Colour measured various after face milling process used remove material expose deeper surface. based three-axis CIELAB system, recommended by CIE (Comission Internationale de l'Eclairage) and according ISO 11664-2 11664-4 standards. As result analysis, four...

Beech wood has a high frequency of defects such as red heartwood, reaction (tension wood). For the experimental measurements four logs without visible like which can noticeably affects measurements' results were qualified. The drying medium temperature in first phase process before moisture content specimens fell below FSP was maintained at 45 °C. Then, gradually increased to maximum value 65 showed that different initial does not affect final tension and normal wood. colorimetric parameter...

Drying time reduction has always been a major concern in the drying process and is achievable by increasing temperature of surrounding air. To optimize quality resulting material, conditions must be enhanced to reach balanced correlation between dried timber. This paper analyses high-temperature wood optimization this process, as well effect that thickness beech timber specimens on process. The was carried out means hot air laboratory drier for maximum 33 hours at temperatures 130 150 °C....

Structure of wood can affect intensity color change in remarkable ways. This article was focused on the analysis changes red false heartwood and mature by different methods such as ΔE* (Total difference), h* (Hue angle), C*ab (Color saturation) Sab (Saturation). The aim this study to evaluate properties using chromacity coordinates. Our observations suggested that density absolute dry state equal between wood. biggest difference area free water domain, thus from an initial MC value fiber...

The thermal treatment of wood changes its structure due to the degradation polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), so physical properties are either improved or degraded. Color apply not only natural wood, but also such composites for which some amount glue is used in their construction (e.g., plywood, blockboard laminboard). This article focused on analysis hornbeam field maple color influenced by drying temperature. Two types modes were used: hot-air mode where temperature...

The cost of raw materials has a major role in the wood industry. From this point view, it is necessary to pay attention correct log-sawing pattern, which will optimize sawing process and increase quantity quality material as well. For measurements, we used beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Beech L.) most common species Slovak Republic; total amount forests 34.8%. high frequency defects, such red false heartwood, reaction (i.e., tension wood), dote, cracks, so on. This research aimed analyze effect...

The aim of the work was to define a suitable dimensional solution for single-occupancy bed from wood composites adult bariatric population Slovakia. Current dimensions are designed standard human and weight up 150 kg. Based on long-term observation development anthropometric (secular trend), height 95% male defined. analysis Slovakia, regardless gender, values weight, waistline hipline, seat width were defined in years 2020 2022. results, can be 250 New respondents proposed, including length...

The drying process was examined relative to parameters’ influence on the deformation and surface layer color changes of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) oak (Quercus robur L.). goal analyze impact conditions, growth rings types, load thin wooden elements. A further aim reduce time lamella minimize products defects. During each drying, 40 pieces were dried, divided into two groups. For first group, 30 dried under a uniformly distributed approximately 50 kg, while for second 10 samples without...

The bark as a product of the dividing wood and cork cambium consists set protective layers cells, which protect living tissue (cambium) from external environment separate wood. structure component tree is completely different This article describes testing adhesion wood/bark in longitudinal tangential anatomical direction during dormant growing season on three choice species (oak, beech, spruce). results show remarkable influence direction, well period vegetation (dormant or season). All had...

The mechanical properties of wood have remarkable influence on its use in buildings. improvement the enables reduction cross-sections structural elements, particularly increase their load. paper deals with change beech through process contact drying. Plate pressures 1.0, 1.4, and 1.6 MPa at a temperature 160 °C were used. It was found that drying increased bending strength by more than 30% compared to convection value Brinell’s hardness measured surface samples 80 98% after drying, values...

In wood processing, is exposed to an environmental temperature of less than 0 °C for some time, which mainly occurs during the air drying in winter months, or when lumber stored piles outdoors before kiln process. these cases, freezing process increases degree wood, subsequently significantly affecting its heating further processing (for example, cutting process). The most common method by humid air, hot wood. We analyzed profiles on a cross-section and moisture losses due size gradients....

Wood is subject to various environmental conditions during its processing, with temperatures being one of the most relevant material’s behaviour. The heating process drying crucial for both final quality dried wood and heat consumption. As first stage process, it essential achieve adequate overheating in middle thickness without causing damage. present article focuses on influence pine freezing warm-air process. Similarity theory was applied theoretical calculation time frozen wood, where...

The color changes of compression and opposite spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) wood were evaluated as a function different drying conditions. Compression samples their corresponding from the part log compared after three modes. before was characterized using coordinates L*, a*, b*, C*ab, C, h*, Sab, difference (ΔE*) in standard space according to International Commission on Illumination (CIELAB). temperature most remarkable factor for discoloration samples. lightness (L*) decreased with...

Reaction wood is characterized by having different anatomical and chemical features than normal wood. The composition of cell walls, the higher quantitative proportion thick-wall fiber cells, diameter, abundance vessels have remarkable effects on reaction wood’s physical mechanical properties. has fewer vascular cells. In addition, it a smaller lumen which results in reduced permeability. Therefore, more difficult to dry at certain moisture content. differences drying times were largest...

This work analysed bed lamella dimensional characteristics for beds of bariatric users. Dimensions the Slovak population were defined in years 2020 to 2022 and used design length thickness lamellae. The lamellae made spruce beech wood (grade C24 D50) was determined from weight while meeting requirements EN 1995. bending deflection calculated by a linear FEM model that verified with experimentally measured ungraded difference 2.7% 1.4% beech, respectively. minimal always based on allowable...

Reaction wood is a defect arising during the growth of tree in part trunk that under tension (hardwood species) or compression (coniferous species). Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) has different anatomical and chemical characteristics than normal (opposite) wood. The difference density conditioned by percentage gelatinous layer (G-layer). Fibre cells reaction beech have cell wall structure composition. Tension cannot be detected naked eye. It only possible to assume its occurrence based on...

Spiral grains are one of the most important tree growth defects that can remarkably affect shape stability lumber. This defect is observed by an oblique arrangement axially oriented cell elements in wood. research focused on identifying and measuring selected changes caused spiral log. Hornbeam logs with grain no aged 60 52 years were to detect changes. Following norms STN EN 1309-3 (49 1013), DIN (4074-5), ASTM D245, it be stated essential factor affecting hornbeam In case lumber grain,...

The production of edge-glued boards is one the possibilities using European beech wood for products with higher added value. highly abundant in forests Central Europe, but it a species that has specific characteristics affect efficiency processing. dimensions and quality raw material are determined by standard. This study analyzes influence on quantitative qualitative yield during cross-sections used to produce boards. Results show effect class (raw quality) quantity timber produced not...

Red false heartwood is a defect that largely influences the quality of beech wood and formed by air penetration into mature wood. The in zone accelerates process parenchyma dying initiates formation red substances tyloses. For this study, selections suitable logs were made immediately after logging trees on same day. first log was chosen without any type heartwood, second with healthy heartwood. drying schedule divided two phases. After these measurements it concluded had remarkably lower...