This paper defines a method for generating individual electric vehicle (EV) charging patterns, and it intends to quantify the realistic loading impact on distribution grid feeders. The inputs are based historical driving characteristics of private conventional vehicles from Denmark home plug-in behavior EVs Japan. first input is used define properties, such as daily driven distance expected departure arrival time, which determines possible window. second probability performing domestic...

Accelerated battery degradation, resulting in a reduced capacity, is the main concern when discussing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. This paper gives unique empirical insight into long-term effects on batteries performing an energy demanding V2G service. To this end, extensive method for measuring capacity of series produced electric vehicles (EVs) via DC charge port was developed. The reproducibility demonstrated with repeated tests new and aged results are compared EVs internal estimates,...

Charging electric vehicles is regarded as trivial with chargers installed on private property, which could accommodate the demand of 78% Danish cars. Hence, owners would rarely need to charge outside household. Car in cities often do not have this option and must rely public charging infrastructure. In work we quantify need, terms energy demand, for a national level largest function car ownership, driving distance household parking condition. We assess potential destination at existing...

This study models the coincidence factor (CF) of electric vehicle (EV) charging given driving and plug-in behaviors by combining data sources from travel surveys recorded EV data. From these, we generate using a Monte Carlo approach to derive CFs. By varying battery size, rated power, behavior, their influence on CF is examined. The key results show that decreases less than 25% when considering more 50 EVs with level 11 kW, strongly depending number considered. contrast, behavior size have...

It is becoming increasingly important for power system engineers to have accurate yet simple-to-realize models that simulate electric vehicle (EV) battery pack behaviour. This paper proposes a methodology model and validate the main dynamics – electrical, thermal aging characterize Li-ion batteries without disassembling them from vehicle. The consists of three steps. first implementation pack, considering mentioned their interdependencies. Next, electrical parameters are experimentally...

The paper characterizes dynamics and modelling of a Lithium-ion battery. Theoretical formulation literature review are combined to derive the necessary battery characterization. three main for modeling are: direct-current electrical equivalent circuit, state-of-charge (SOC) thermal dynamic. Furthermore, capacity fade caused by degradation is considered as fourth Degradation sum calendar aging cycling loss dynamics. procedure has general validity can be used different chemistries changing...

The purpose of this paper is to quantify the effect biased system frequency deviations and charger losses in order for an aggregation electric vehicles (EVs) provide reliable primary control (PFC). A data set consisting one year measurements Nordic synchronous zone used analysis. average can be over hour, which lead storage units, performing PFC, become fully charged or depleted. This presents statistical bounds on how variable different time scales. Additionally, a method calculating...

The paper aims at investigating different methods, based on unidirectional charge and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), in order to evaluate compare the potential economic revenue for an EV owner providing frequency control Denmark. User constraints are considered while evaluating daily duration is plugged into network ready support system frequency. Performing with Electric Vehicles (EVs) requires little hardware implementation household but has limit that service only can be performed until battery...

Aggregation and control of electric vehicles (EVs) via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies is seen as a valid option for providing ancillary power system services. This work presents results from V2G-ready equipment tests modelling. The technical capabilities an EV connected to commercial V2G charger are investigated when controlled either locally or remotely. characterized in terms efficiency characteristics, activation time, response granularity, ramping-up/down accuracy precision. Test...

Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) research may serve to limit the self-induced adverse effects of electric vehicles (EVs) in terms additional grid loading, but also as make EV an active asset supporting a stable, economic power system based on renewable energy. Any use vehicle for services requires accurate understanding user's driving needs. This paper proposes introduction user profile, describing energy requirements deadline, target and minimum. To explore such analyses data from Danish...

This paper presents a characterization of Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries based on empirical tests to improve online state estimation. It investigates how battery degradation affects the management systems (BMS) ability estimate charge (SOC) and health (SOH). The testing is conducted 8 NMC 18650 Li-ion cells split up in two groups four new degraded with an SOH 90%. As both SOC estimations are dependent relation between open circuit voltage (OCV), necessary...

Converter-connected resources, such as electric vehicles and stationary batteries, are being recognized by grid operators contributors to frequency stability. Their fast-response potential makes them ideal candidates provide fast control. In this paper we discuss present evidence on what kind of dynamics a power system experiences when using Initially, method assess balance deriving so called residuals, given historical time series components characteristics. The residuals consist the...

Battery degradation is a main concern for electric vehicle (EV) users, and reliable capacity estimation of major importance. Every EV battery management system (BMS) provides variety information, including measured current voltage, estimated the battery. However, these estimations are not transparent manufacturer-specific, although measurement accuracy unknown. This article uses extensive measurements from six diverse EVs to compare assess with three different methods: (1) reading BMS...

Electric Vehicles (EVs) can, when they are not used for driving, create value the EV owner, by delivering ancillary services to transmission system operator. Calculating potential earnings from grid and charging strategies highly depends on driving time, distance, time spent at different locations. While few datasets describing usage exist, this work is based one of most extensive gathered 7,163 Nissan LEAFs. Using real data it was possible calculate a specific strategy individual EV. The...

This paper describes a method to estimate the monetary remuneration for EV user support in distribution grids. The economic expenses of conservative reinforcement solution are used developing methodology which is first derived and afterwards applied piece Danish grid consisting 127 customers. In scenario DSO should invest approx. 388718 DKK (52000€) on new upgraded components. With service potential available money evaluated be 187 DKK/week (25€/week). Considering customer with an average...

Batteries are key components of future power systems with high shares renewables. Their fast response enables them to contribute one the most crucial ancillary services — frequency containment reserve. However, longer periods biased pose challenges for batteries due their limited energy capacity. This is particularly in Nordic synchronous area where 100 % certainty delivery required. The present study uses a simulation model three years historical frequency, market, and tariff data, compare...

This paper demonstrates a control strategy for pro-viding primary frequency regulation from electric vehicles using unidirectional charging. The architecture developed is tested and deployed in multiple locations both commercial test chargers relying on IEC 61851 communication with commercially available vehicles. tests are conducted university campus area at test-site the Danish island of Bornholm. results Lyngby shows that able to charging unknown simultaneously order provide aggregated...

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can be used for ancillary services like frequency containment reserve (FCR), which generate a significantly higher revenue than arbitrage. Different FCR differ in revenues and throughput, induces costs due to conversion losses, tariffs, but it also leads significant number of battery cycles that reduce the capacity over time. The normal operation (FCR-N) had highest past years, comes along with throughput disturbance (FCR-D) has lower price. Based on...

Batteries are key components of future power systems with high shares renewables. Their fast response enable them to contribute one the most crucial ancillary services - frequency containment reserve. However, longer periods biased pose challenges for batteries due their limited energy capacity. This is particularly in Nordic synchronous area where 100% certainty delivery required. The present study uses a simulation model three years historical frequency, market, and tariff data, compare...