Abstract The term "unconventional reservoir" has different meanings to people. Certain reservoirs termed unconventional have a rock matrix consisting of inter-particle pore networks with very small connections imparting poor fluid-flow characteristics. Abundant volumes oil or gas can be stored in these rocks, and often the is high organic content source hydrocarbon. Yet because marginal quality, generally require both natural induced fracture enable economic recovery Rock types this class...

Abstract The primary objectives of perforating a lengthy cased-and-cemented wellbore section for fracture stimulation are to 1.) enable extensive communication with the reservoir and 2.) control allocation fluid proppant into multiple intervals as efficiently possible during fracturing treatments. Simultaneously treating reduces number stages required, thus reducing treatment cost. One way is use limited entry perforating. Limited process either limiting perforations or size perforation...

ABSTRACT Application of the limited entry-technique has been extended to massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) low permeability formations, such as Niobrara and Codell intervals DJ Basin. Analysis bottomhole pressure data these treatments indicates that proppant alters mechanical configuration perforations, evidenced by a change in magnitude perforation friction opposition Bernoulli constant energy equation. The practical significance changing drop across perforations entry stimulation is it...

Abstract To achieve optimal production from unconventional reservoirs, it is useful to determine the permeability, pore pressure, and state of stress rock strata. Doing so will lead properly designed treatments, realistic predictions well performance, a basis for normalizing reservoir contribution when evaluating completion stimulation effectiveness. An effective way derive necessary information conduct in-situ pressure transient tests. Since difficult inject fluid into or withdraw network...

Summary The primary objectives of perforating a lengthy cased-and-cemented wellbore section for fracture stimulation are to enable extensive communication with the reservoir and control allocation fluid proppant into multiple intervals as efficiently possible during fracturing treatments. Simultaneously treating reduces number stages required, thus reducing treatment cost. One way is use limited-entry perforating. Execution optimization requires awareness factors that can affect performance....

Abstract This study documents an ongoing analysis of frac plug integrity and inter-cluster treatment distribution using multiple datasets. It includes post-treatment acoustic imaging data from three Montney pads, in which the dimensions 3538 perforations casing wear patterns at 150 setting locations were determined. The process features iterative approach to improving execution performance during field appraisal – execute design, measure performance, identify failures, then implement...

<title>Abstract</title> Plug and perf hydraulic fracturing is performed with high-pressure injection of fluid proppant from perforation clusters along a wellbore. During this process, uniform placement important for maximizing economic performance. In prior work, we developed wellbore-proppant transport simulator, which accounts wide range phenomena, including suspension, settling, erosion, pressure drop, inertial effects, orientation, random variance, among others. the present calibrate...

Presently used surveying sensors in directional drilling processes include accelerometers and magnetometers arranged three orthogonal directions. The these setups are negatively affected by external magnetic interferences induced various sources. Therefore, expensive, heavy lengthy protective nonmagnetic collars need to be installed. Fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) an inertial navigation setup have been proposed as alternative magnetometer-based downhole surveying. present study explored the...

Abstract Perforation-imaging studies have indicated highly variable results on effectively treating all perforation clusters within a given fracturing stage in horizontal well plug-and-perf applications, even when limited entry designs were used. A field test was executed to trial differing perforating and levels of friction for identifying preferred technique evenly distributing treatment volume along the lateral. The implemented Eagle Ford formation south Texas. After plug drill-out...

Summary In multiple-stage hydraulic fracturing treatments performed in horizontal wells, treatment confinement is the state which fluid and proppant flow out of wellbore only through specific perforations targeted for stage. The terms isolation are synonymous. Isolation from previously treated intervals a necessary condition efficient along lateral. Failure to confine stages can be result failure fracture plug maintain seal or development casing breaches (holes) proximity plug. Both...

Summary Studies have shown that achieving a consistent perforation hole size in casing (i.e., entry hole) and zero-phase gun orientation led to improved treatment distribution among multiple clusters plug-and-perf limited treatments. In addition reducing variation the by establishing uniformity clearance angle of incidence jet at wall casing, oriented perforating has been minimize tendency proppant separate from fracturing fluid while traveling across perforated intervals (inertial effect)...

Summary Plug-and-perforation (plug-and-perf) multistage hydraulic fracturing completions in unconventional reservoirs rely on complete isolation from the previous stage to ensure effective treatment of active stage. Failure isolate stages can be a result partially set plugs, plugs wellbore debris or deformed casing, unqualified pressure/temperature rating and so on. This paper presents case study with field examples which unexpected casing erosion occurred at setting depths dissolvable...

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing treatments in shale infill wells are often impacted by existing parent well depletion and asymmetrical fracture growth. These phenomena can result excessive load water production, deposition of proppant deformation casing the well, unbalanced stimulation wells. This study determines effectiveness particulate materials for mitigating above negative outcomes bridging near extremities dominant wings, i.e., far field diverting agents. Fracture propagation was...

Abstract Treatment isolation using composite bridge plugs (CP) has been practiced for about 18 years in North America and continues to be among the most economical ways stimulate horizontal multi-layer vertical wells. Despite this long experience, many end users still experience problems these applications because of sub-optimal choices regarding product selection, run-in removal options, unrealistic expectations plug life downhole environments. This paper will identify best practices CPs,...

Summary Hydraulic-fracturing treatments in shale infill wells are often impacted by existing parent-well depletion and asymmetrical fracture growth. These phenomena can result excessive load-water production, deposition of proppant deformation casing the parent well, unbalanced stimulation wells. This study determines effectiveness particulate materials (i.e., far-field diverting agents) for mitigating above negative outcomes bridging near extremities dominant wings. Fracture propagation was...

Abstract This paper introduces pump-down diagnostics, an economical process in which cement sheath integrity, perforation cluster spacing and frac plug integrity can be assessed for every stage, potentially leading to improvements stimulation, completion, cementing drilling practices. It is based on analyzing wellbore pressure responses occurring at key segments of the wireline perforating operation correlating results among multiple stages wells a field or play. A special requirement that...

Abstract This paper documents the results of diagnostic tests in a well that was equipped with measuring devices for analyzing pressure and acoustic behavior during multistage fracturing treatments. also surveyed by an ultrasonic device entry hole sizes treated untreated perforations. Well treatment design parameters selected scrutiny included cluster perforation density circumferential phase angle holes respect to elevation. Perforation erosional analysis performed on each frac stage wells...

ABSTRACT In the Billings Nose area, Bakken formation is a shale and silty carbonate sequence, capable of producing oil in association with adjacent beds when naturally fractured, Oil/surfactant breakdown gelled fracture treatments have been commonly utilized to stimulate these zones. The best fracturing results attained use small quantities fluid loss additives high concentrations proppant. However, pre-frac acidization, selective perforating method, may improve completion efficiency.

Abstract Near-wellbore diversion of fracturing fluid and proppant is a common objective when refracturing horizontal wells for expanding treatment coverage within the lateral. There are five broad categories near-wellbore methods: (1) particulate bridging open fractures connected to wellbore, (2) perforation sealing limit injectivity into clusters at (3) filling up drained fracture system with water achieving more uniform pressurization (i.e., fill-up), (4) injection rate cycling/hesitation...

Abstract Treatment isolation using composite bridge plugs (CP) has been practiced for about 18 years in North America and continues to be among the most economical ways stimulate horizontal multi-layer vertical wells. Despite this long experience, many end users still experience problems these applications because of sub-optimal choices regarding product selection, run-in removal options, unrealistic expectations plug life downhole environments. This paper will identify best practices CPs,...

Summary This paper presents a unique process for deriving reservoir properties (i.e., minimum horizontal stress, kh/u, and pressure) in isolated layers intersected by the same vertical wellbore. It is based on simultaneously performing multiple diagnostic fracture-injection tests (DFIT) with extended multiday shut-in periods using downhole tools bottomhole memory gauges. A case study of 58 wells completed Mesaverde Dakota sandstones San Juan basin used to describe assess above application....

Summary The Bakken formation is an oil-producing interval in the Williston basin. Usually, commercial wells are linked to anisotropic natural fracture network. Hydraulic fracturing treatments have been used extensively vertical and a limited extent horizontal wells. In this paper, bottomhole treating pressures (BHTP's) analyzed improve understanding of hydraulic propagation Bakken. Introduction produces oil over wide area sediments were deposited early Mississippian/late Devonian consist...

Abstract Hydraulic fracture stimulation often dictates the economic outcome of wells completed in low permeability gas reservoirs. Attempting to understand well performance - rate and pressure behavior a over its productive life provides opportunity discover elements driving completion effectiveness. This paper demonstrates integrated use practical reservoir engineering methods evaluate performance, identify flow regimes distinguish between induced low-permeability hydraulically fractured wells.