Gonadal steroids are known to influence hippocampal physiology in adulthood. It is presently unknown whether gonadal the morphology of neurons adult intact rat brain. In order determine female sex hormones adult, we performed Golgi impregnation on brains from ovariectomized rats and which received estradiol or progesterone replacement. Removal circulating by ovariectomy resulted a profound decrease dendritic spine density CA1 pyramidal cells hippocampus. Estradiol replacement prevented...

We have used Golgi-impregnated tissue to demonstrate that apical dendritic spine density in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells undergoes a cyclic fluctuation as estradiol and progesterone levels vary across the estrous cycle adult female rat. observed 30% decrease over 24-hr period between late proestrus estrus phases of cycle. Spine then appears back values several days. In contrast, no significant changes occur CA3 or dentate gyrus granule cells. These results rapid ongoing plasticity...

Neurons in the adult rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN, 4–6 neurons per brain; 3–7 brains group) were studied under various hormonal conditions using single-section Golgi impregnation technique. Intact rats of both sexes and ovariectomized females treated with oil, estrogen or progesterone used. Golgi-impregnated VMN analyzed to determine possible differences cell body size, number primary dendrites, dendritic branchpoints spine density. The only significant found In given there...

Exposure to stress during gestation results in physiological and behavioral alterations that persist into adulthood. This study examined the effects of prenatal on postnatal expression sexually differentiated cognitive, hormonal, neurochemical profiles male female rats. Pregnant dams were subjected restraint three times daily for 45 min d 14-21 pregnancy. The offspring control prenatally stressed tested anxiety-related cognitive behaviors, gonadal steroid hormone levels, as well monoamines...

Severe sepsis, a syndrome that complicates infection and injury, affects 750,000 annually in the United States. The acute mortality rate is approximately 30%, but, strikingly, sepsis survivors have significant disability burden: up to 25% of are cognitively physically impaired. To investigate mechanisms underlying persistent cognitive impairment survivors, here we developed murine model severe following cecal ligation puncture (CLP) study impairments. We observed serum levels high mobility...

Dendritic spine plasticity underlies the formation and maintenance of memories. Both natural fluctuations systemic administration 17β-estradiol (E2) alter density in dorsal hippocampus (DH) rodents. DH E2 infusion enhances hippocampal-dependent memory by rapidly activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent signaling mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR), a key protein synthesis pathway involved remodeling. Here, we investigated whether directly into drives changes other brain...

Exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in plastics, occurs the United States on a daily basis. Recent studies suggest exposure during development causes memory deficits later life; however, ramifications of adulthood are unclear. We examined effects acute BPA administration (40 μg/kg) and synaptic plasticity adult male rats. significantly impaired both visual spatial decreased dendritic spine density pyramidal cells CA1 medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Additionally,...

Acute effects of bisphenol (BPA), an environmental chemical, on estradiol (17α or β-E2)-dependent recognition memory and dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex hippocampus were investigated adult female rats. Ovariectomized rats received BPA 30 min before immediately after a sample trial (viewing objects), retention trials performed 4 h later. Retention tested discrimination between old new objects (visual memory) locations (place memory). When given trial, BPA, 1–400 μg/kg, did...

17β-estradiol (E2) rapidly, within minutes, activates behaviors and cognition by binding to membrane estrogen receptors, activating cell signaling cascades increasing dendritic spines. In female rodents, E2 enhances spatial memory 2-4 hours, spine density is increased in the CA1 area of hippocampus 30-60 minutes. Although chronic gonadal hormone treatments male rats alter spines/spine synapses acute effects occur hippocampal slices, acute, vivo administration males are unknown. Therefore, we...

This article uses the ideas of social constructionism to explore how families change by investigating way our perceptions ourselves in relation others are formed through language. The idea that language has inherent potential generate a reply strongly influenced thinking. We propose is shaped initial inner conversation. Interaction moves back and forth from conversation with others, monologue dialogue, becoming “stuff” new narratives. particular focus on this adding writing session produces...

In an effort to determine if sex differences exist in the morphologic characteristics of pyramidal cells and granule hippocampal formation whether plays a role determining thyroid hormone sensitivity these neuronal populations, we used single-section Golgi impregnation examine effects neonatal administration on from brains adult rats both sexes. Quantitative analyses control revealed number primary dendrites spines apical dendritic shaft CA3 cells. These showed opposite trends; females...

Two ovarian hormones, estradiol and progesterone, which facilitate mating behavior in the female rat by acting on ventromedial nuclei (VMN) of hypothalamus, induce changes oxytocin receptor binding this brain region. Estradiol induced a 4-fold increase VMN surrounding area increased number immunostaining fibers an lateral to ventral VMN. Progesterone, estrogen-primed rats, caused receptors spread over containing fibers. Infusion into hypothalamus display lordosis only females primed with...

Expression of A53T mutant human alpha-synuclein under the mouse prion promoter is among most successful transgenic models Parkinson's disease. Accumulation causes adult mice to develop severe motor impairment resulting in early death at 8–12 months age. In younger, pre-symptomatic animals, altered activity and anxiety-like behaviors have also been reported. These behavioral changes, which precede neuropathology, may stem from non-pathological functions alpha-synuclein, including modulation...

The localization of the neuropeptide FMRFamide in buccal ganglia and muscles Aplysia was studied by immunocytology high- pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with either a sensitive bioassay or 35S-methionine labeling. Immunocytology an antiserum directed to stained large number fibers, varicosities, neuronal somata. Two groups neurons were particular interest. One S cells, group comprised many small neurons, majority which stained. HPLC pooled labeled cells confirmed that at least...

Ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists enhance analgesia and reduce analgesic tolerance dependence by preventing a G protein coupling switch (Gi/o to Gs) the mu receptor (MOR), although binding site of such ultra-low-dose was previously unknown. Here we show that with approximately 200-fold higher affinity than for receptor, naloxone binds pentapeptide segment scaffolding filamin A, known interact disrupt its chronic opioid-induced Gs coupling. Naloxone A is demonstrated absence [3H]-and...