The most important abnormality of the aortic arch is arguably presence an aberrant right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria). If this vessel compresses adjacent structures, several symptoms may be produced. aim study to present morphological and clinical aspects artery. Three different databases searched for a review pertinent literature using strictly predetermined criteria. Of 141 cases, 15 were cadaveric 126 clinically documented. gender distribution subjects was 55.3% female 44.7% male....

Having established and classified the laws of nature, scientists gradually achieved skill judging what is most typical rare or deviates from commonly-observed pattern. Normality in anatomy can be considered relative (linked to a specific set assumptions) inferred numerous repeated observations. In textbooks, term "norm" associated with such concepts as general pattern, rule, canon. Deviations common (assumed typical) morphology are described variants types organs anatomical structures. The...

The shape and size of the suprascapular notch (SSN) is one most important risk factors in nerve entrapment. aim study was to perform a morphological SSN variations. A total 616 computer tomography scans scapulae were retrospectively analysed 308 patients. examination focused on region. type determined by using classification based three geometrical measurements: maximal depth (MD), superior (STD) middle (MTD) transverse diameters. In scans, five types noted. I (24.18 %) greater than...

Achilles tendinopathy is a significant clinical lower limb issue observed in recent years. Neither the location nor mechanism behind pain has yet been sufficiently explained. Patients frequently experience on medial side of calcaneal tendon, and between 2 7 cm above tuberosity, which may suggests that plantaris tendon plays an important role. The purpose this study was to determine anatomical relationships course as well type insertion tendon.The tests were carried out 50 randomized limbs...

Chronic tendinopathy of lateral epicondyle the humerus, commonly known as "tennis elbow" is one most frequent tendinopathies caused by recurrent overload muscle origins. The aim study was to assess effectiveness treating epicondylitis (LE) with autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and betamethasone injections, compare these methods over course a year follow-up. Patients were randomly placed into two groups: 53 treated ACP, 46 1 ml injections 2 % lignocaine. Both those groups comparable in...

Background . This study thoroughly analyzes the anatomic variations of brachioradial artery (radial high origin) based on variability its origin, presence and types anastomosis with brachial in cubital fossa (“cubital crossover” or “cubital connection”), pattern radial recurrent arteries, as well vascular territory within hand. Material Methods One hundred twenty randomly selected, isolated upper limbs fixed 10% formalin solution were dissected. Results The was found to have a origin 9.2%...

Purpose . Although the plantaris muscle (PM) is vestigial in humans, it has a significant clinical role procedures such as grafting. However, recent reports suggest its potential involvement tendinopathy of midportion Achilles tendon. The aim study therefore to evaluate morphological variation PM with regard conflict Material and Methods Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 130 lower limbs (71 right, 59 left) fixed 10% formalin solution. morphology assessed regarding relationship...

Renal vascularization variants vastly differ between individuals due to the very complex embryogenesis of kidneys. Moreover, each variant may have implications for clinical and surgical interventions. The number operating procedures continues grow, includes renal transplants, aneurysmorrhaphy other vascular reconstructions. In any technique, unawareness presence multiple arteries result in a fatal outcome, especially if laparoscopic methods are used. aim this review is comprehensively...

The pes anserinus (PA) is characterized by high morphological diversity. As the semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons are routinely harvested for reconstruction of other tendons, especially anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), it clinical importance. presence accessory bands within PA can handicap harvesting process. Therefore, purpose study was to suggest a new classification morphology. Classical anatomical dissection performed on 102 lower limbs (56 right, 46 left) fixed in 10% formalin...

The most common place for suprascapular nerve entrapment is the notch. aim of study was to determine morphological variation location nerve, artery and vein, measure reduction in size opening each type passage. A total 106 human formalin-fixed cadaveric shoulders were included study. After dissection region, topography vein evaluated. Additionally, area measured using professional image analysis software. Four arrangements distinguished with regard superior transverse scapular ligament: I...

The palmaris longus (PL) muscle is characterised by high morphological diversity, and its tendon crosses the median nerve (MN) at different levels. Due to fact that routinely harvested for reconstruction of other tendons, knowledge variations clinically important. Therefore, purpose study was suggest a new classification PL characterise relationship nerve. Standard dissection performed on 80 randomised isolated upper limbs (40 left 40 right) fixed in 10% formalin solution. Measurements belly...

The suprascapular notch is covered superiorly by the superior transverse scapular ligament. This region most common place of nerve entrapment formation. study was performed on 812 specimens: 86 dry scapulae, 104 formalin-fixed cadaveric shoulders, and 622 computer topography scans scapulae. In cases with completely ossified ligament, following measurements were performed: proximal distal width bony bridge, middle vertical diameter foramen, area foramen. An ligament observed more often in men...

Left venous renal entrapment syndrome was observed during multidetector 64-row computer tomography and color Doppler ultrasonography in a 58-year-old Caucasian female hospitalized due to choledocholithiasis. The patient demonstrated no typical symptoms of nutcracker syndrome. left vein (LRV) compressed as it passed between the superior mesenteric artery right artery. LRV lumen measured 1.7 × 7.8 mm (width height) at point narrowing 7.5 17 before this. Secondary phenomenon, course ovarian...

The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a potential stabilizer of the knee and cooperates with anterior cruciate (ACL). It originates on lateral epicondyle femur, to which it mainly posterior proximal; insertion Gerdy's tubercle. Its anatomical characteristics vary. Recent publications have focused morphological variations concerning femoral tibial attachments, morphometric measurements. Histological cystochemical examinations also been performed. Classical dissection was performed 111 lower...

The presented study attempts to classify individual anatomical variants of the pectoralis major muscle (PM), including rare and unusual findings. Rare cases muscular anomalies involving PM or its tendon have been presented. An attempt has also made determine whether variations may affect innervation pattern lateral medial pectoral nerves.The research was carried out on 40 cadavers both sexes (22 males, 18 females), owing which 80 specimens were examined.Typical structure observed in 63.75%...