We studied timing jitter in the appearance of photon counts meandering nanowires with different fractional amount bends. Timing jitter, which is probability density random time delay between absorption current-carrying superconducting nanowire and normal domain, reveals two underlying physical scenarios. In deterministic regime, realized at large currents energies, controlled by position dependent detection threshold straight parts meanders decreases current. At small increases its current...

We demonstrate a 16-pixel array of microwave-current driven superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with an integrated and scalable frequency-division multiplexing architecture, which reduces the required number bias readout lines to single microwave feed line. The electrical behavior photon-sensitive nanowires, embedded in resonant circuit, as well optical performance timing jitter is discussed. Besides pixel measurements, we also operation temporal, spatial, photon-number resolution.

An 8-pixel micromachined quartz crystal resonator array with a fundamental resonance frequency of 66 MHz has been designed, fabricated, and tested. A compact impedance-spectrum-analyzer electronic interface developed combined the to form biosensing system. The sensor was calibrated using water-glycerol solutions, performance found be exactly as expected. Measurement crosstalk between pixels showed an isolation ~ 30 dB. Selective functionalization achieved through use aqueous 3, 3 <sup...

We show that narrow superconducting strips in (S) and normal (N) states are universally described by the model presenting them as lateral NSN proximity systems which central band is sandwiched between damaged edge bands with suppressed superconductivity. The width of was experimentally determined from value magnetic field at transits Meissner state to static vortex state. Systematic experimental study 4.9-nm-thick NbN widths interval 50 nm 20 \ensuremath{\mu}m, all smaller than Pearl's...

We studied the effect of external magnetic field and photon flux on timing jitter in detection by straight superconducting NbN nanowires. At two wavelengths 800 1560 nm, statistical distribution appearance time count exhibits Gaussian shape at small times exponential tail large times. The characteristic is larger for photons with smaller energy increases while variations part are less pronounced. Increasing drives nanowire from quantum mode to bolometric that averages out fluctuations total...

We show that avoiding bends in a current-carrying superconducting nanowire enhances the probability for low energy photons to be detected and this enhancement is entirely due increase experimentally achievable critical current. studied nanowires shaped as either meander or spiral. The spirals had different layouts, double-spiral layout with an S-turn middle single-spiral without such turn. Nanowires were prepared from films of niobium nitride thickness 5 nm. For specimens each we measured...

Impedance spectroscopy is a non-invasive method of sensing electrical material properties. This approach also suited for sensors transducing non-electrical properties into an impedance. As yet, impedance has only been applicable with laboratory instrumentation, covering broad frequency and measurement range. By restricting to ranges required by specific applications it possible implement the in sensor interfaces. An interface substantially analogue circuitry was developed applied quartz...

We performed comparative experimental investigation of superconducting NbN nanowires which were prepared by means positive- and negative electron-beam lithography with the same positive tone Poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) resist. show that a thickness 4.9 nm widths less than 100 demonstrate at 4.2 K higher critical temperature density retrapping currents when they are lithography. Also ratio current to depairing is larger for associate observed enhancement properties difference in degree...

We demonstrate and characterize first superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) made from atomic layer-deposited (ALD) NbN layers.To assess the suitability of these films as a detector material, transport properties bare bridges different dimensions thicknesses are investigated.Similar ratios measured critical current to depairing obtained for micro-bridges ALD sputtered films.Furthermore, we characterized response 5 10 nmthick detectors.A 100 nm-wide straight with length µm...

We propose a new operation principle for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) enabling an efficient frequency-division multiplexing of the bias and readout signals large multipixel detector array. The SNSPD is part resonant circuit, microwave signal inside device used to close critical state. Hence, n×m pixel array requires only two coaxial cables from room temperature ambient 4.2 K. show characterization response such devices compare efficiencies with conventional...

For decades impedance spectroscopy is used in technical laboratories and research departments to investigate effects or material characteristics that affect the spectrum of sensor. Establishing this analytical approach for process automation stand-alone applications will deliver additional valuable information beside traditional measurement techniques such as temperature, flow rate, conductivity, among others. As yet, most current analysis methods are suited laboratory only since they...

A supersonic coaxial jet facility has been designed to provide experimental data suitable for the validation of CFD codes used analyze high-speed propulsion flows. The center is a light gas and coflow air, mixing layer between them compressible. Various methods have employed in characterizing flow field, including schlieren visualization, pitot, total temperature sampling probe surveying, RELIEF velocimetry. Navier-Stokes code calculate nozzle field results compared experiment.

A compact impedance spectrum analyzer has been developed that is well suited for the use in process control. Various sensor elements connected to electronics allow an adaptation different measuring applications. Digital signal processing minimizes insertion of noise and distorting effects system. Facilities are provided calibrate with a reference.

Timing jitter inherent in photon detection by superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors has different values and behaves differently for events originating bends straights of nanowires. Generally, is larger bends. Although, typical meandering nanowire, contribution to the integral almost negligible due small geometric weight meander, it reduces accuracy extracting value local straights. Here we report on intrinsic jitter, which was measured a straight without Standard deviation...

The concept of the radio-frequency superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (RF-SNSPD) allows frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) bias and readout lines several SNSPDs. Using this method, a multi-pixel array can be operated by only one feed line. Consequently, system complexity as well heat load is significantly reduced. To allocate many pixels into small bandwidth quality factor each device crucial. In paper, we present an improved RF-SNSPD design. This new design enables simple...

Different terrestrial terahertz applications would benefit from large-format arrays, operating in compact and inexpensive cryocoolers at liquid helium temperature with sensitivity, limited only by the 300-K background radiation. A voltage-biased transition-edge sensor (TES) as a THz detector can have sufficient sensitivity has number of advantages important for real applications: linearity response, high dynamic range, simple calibration. However, it requires low-noise current readout....

We present a compact current sensor based on superconducting microwave lumped-element resonator with nanowire kinetic inductor, operating at 4.2 K. The is suitable for multiplexed readout in GHz range large-format arrays of cryogenic detectors. device consists resonant circuit, fabricated from single 4 nm-thick layer niobium nitride. Thus, the fabrication and operation significantly simplified comparison to state-of-the-art approaches. Because circuit inductively coupled feed line be...

This paper reports on a new method for estimation and minimization of mechanical stress MEMS sensor actuator structures due to packaging processes based flip chip technology. For studying test with silicon membranes was fabricated. A network piezo-resistive solid state resistors created by diffusion used measure the surface tension pattern between adjacent membranes. Finite element simulation calculate profile determine optimum positions placing resistive network.

Thick-film piezoelectric transducers have been produced and tested for implementation into a MEMS ultrasonic sensor array. The arrays are intended to be used beam forming in sensing applications fluidics channels at millimeter or micrometer scale (e.g. flow rate measurement, detection of beads, bubbles). Stripe matrix aligned elements fabricated one-dimensional two-dimensional steering, respectively. In this contribution we further concentrate on an improved Q-factor PZT layer homogeneity as...

Fast impedance analysis-based measurements of resonant frequency (shift) and equivalent resistance (change) liquid loaded quartz crystal resonator (QCR) sensors have been used for kinetic analysis film formation at the interface between a analyte sensor. Kinetic constants provide an independent set data allow unambiguous material property determination in so-called non-gravimetric regime. A sequential injection system (SIS) has developed which enables fast specimen sampling with minimum...

A selective in-situ gas sensor system for CO and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> distinction at high temperatures has been developed based on an array of piezoelectric langasite resonators. Bulk acoustic wave resonators coated with different sensing films are operated in two measurement modes which increases the selectivity system. Simultaneously, a compact rapid impedance analyzer precise resonant frequency strongly...

A compact RF impedance-spectrum-analyzer (RF-ISA) has been developed and applied to a Lateral Field Excited (LFE) liquid acoustic wave sensor, which is sensitive both, the mechanical electrical property changes. The RF-ISA was used determine impedance spectrum of LFE sensor exposed various liquids with varying properties calculate series resonance frequency resistance at sensor's conductance maximum. combination electronics results in portable sensing unit, not only many applications but...

This paper presents a detailed investigation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors biased with microwave and direct currents. We developed hybrid detector, which allows the operation in RF dc mode. With this we are able to compare count rates same Furthermore, demonstrate use oscillating current mode as reference signal synchronous detection

We present a direct observation of the geometrical jitter in single photon detection by straight superconducting nanowire. Differential measurement technique was applied to 180-{\mu}m long nanowire similar those commonly used technology detectors (SNSPD). A non-gaussian appears as wide almost uniform probability distribution (histogram) delay time (latency) response detected photon. White electrical noise readout electronics causes broadened, Gaussian shaped edges histogram. Subtracting...