A novel approach for nanoscale imaging and characterization of the orientation dependence electromechanical properties—vector piezoresponse force microscopy (Vector PFM)—is described. The relationship between local response, polarization, piezoelectric constants, crystallographic is analyzed in detail. image formation mechanism vector PFM discussed. Conditions complete three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction response evaluation constants from data are set forth. developed can be applied to...

Measurements of the frequency, temperature, and isotope-mass dependence electrical conductivity in a series ${(^{6}\mathrm{Li},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}^{7}\mathrm{Li})}_{2}$ O:2.${88\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ glasses are quantitatively described by unified model relaxation. The data simultaneously show non-Debye behavior frequency electric modulus nonclassical temperature-dependent effect. relaxation incorporates extra degrees freedom intrinsic to predicts correlation between shape...

Infrared reflectance and Raman spectra of rubidium germanate glasses, xRb2O·(1 − x)GeO2, have been measured studied as a function Rb2O mole fraction in the range 0 ≤x ≤ 0.60. The corresponding crystalline phases, GeO2-quartz, GeO2-rutile, Rb2Ge4O9, K4Ge9O20, K2Ge2O5, K2GeO3, also for better understanding glass spectra. At very low content (x 0.01) was found to induce redistribution GeO4 tetrahedra rings smaller than those encountered quartz- glassy GeO2. spectral manifestations this trend...

The temperature and frequency dependence of electrical conductivity (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$) the modulus sodium, rubidium, Na-Rb mixed alkali germanate aluminogermanate glasses have been determined for varying concentrations, [Al]/[Ge] [Na]/[Rb] ratios. In a few spin-lattice relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ also above room temperature. is well fitted by Kohlrausch (``stretched exponential'' decay) function with exponent \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\equiv}1-n...

Abstract Direct three-dimensional laser writing of amorphous waveguides inside glass has been studied intensely as an attractive route for fabricating photonic integrated circuits. However, achieving essential nonlinear-optic functionality in such devices will also require the ability to create high-quality single-crystal waveguides. Femtosecond irradiation is capable crystallizing 3D, but producing optical-quality structures suitable waveguiding poses unique challenges that are...

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in transparent ferroelectric glass-ceramics (TFGCs), which are special class glass-ceramic composites that combine the low cost fabrication and forming glass with superior nonlinear optical electro-optical properties crystals. this paper, we present review current status, focusing on challenges opportunities for selectively creating structures, will be useful realizing integrated devices. A successful TFGC requires nucleation growth...

Chalcogenide glasses have attracted considerable attention and found various applications due to their infrared transparency other optical properties. The As–S–Se chalcogenide glass, with its large glass-formation domain favorable nonlinear property, is a promising candidate system for tailoring important properties through modification of glass composition. In this context, systematic study on ternary chalcogen-rich versus well-studied stochiometric compositions, has been carried out using...

Electrical conductivity of α quartz is ionic, the current being carried by alkali ions (M+) moving in channels parallel to c axis. A study was made σ one natural and three synthetic crystals order better understand these ionic defects. ac measurements were over a wide range frequencies, complex-impedance analysis used separate out bulk from electrode effects. The activation energy E for always close 1.36 eV pre-exponential 106 K/Ω cm. decrease resulted electrodiffusion (sweeping) hydrogen....

Experimental data of nuclear spin relaxation by two-level systems in alkali silicate, borate, and germanate glasses from 3\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}700 K can be described terms a microscopic energy barrier impeding ion motion which is significantly different the activation ionic conductivity. This description understood coupling model conductivity glassy conductors.

We report the kinetics of photoinduced changes in absorption coefficient, optical band gap, and refractive index $\mathrm{a}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ films by measuring time evolution complete transmission spectrum between 400 $800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ at every $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{milliseconds}$. The wavelength dependence constants invalidates previously assumed parallel shift edge, provides a better description photodarkening...

To establish the validity of various proposed structural models, we have investigated structure binary ${\mathrm{As}}_{x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{100\ensuremath{-}x}$ chalcogenide glass family $(x\ensuremath{\leqslant}40)$ by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From composition dependence valence band, contributions to density states from $4p$ lone pair electrons Se and bonding $4s$ As are identified in top part band. The analysis $3d$ core-level spectra supports so-called chain crossing...

Laser-fabrication of complex, highly oriented three-dimensional ferroelectric single crystal architecture with straight lines and bends is demonstrated in lanthanum borogermanate model glass using a high repetition rate femtosecond laser.Scanning micro-Raman microscopy shows that the c-axis aligned writing direction even after bending.A gradual rather than an abrupt transition observed for changing lattice orientation through up to ~14°.Thus character line preserved along bend straining...

A brief review of laser-induced material modification in glassy materials is presented. The mechanisms energy transfer from the laser and subsequent structural modifications are reviewed. Specific features femtosecond (fs) continuous wave (CW) irradiation glass presented impact process parameters on properties discussed. diverse responses exhibited by various families contrasted, with a focus use these processes for wide variety novel applications. Finally, suggestions future directions

Motivated by the advantages of two-electrode flash sintering over normal sintering, we have investigated effect an external electric field on viscosity glass. The results show remarkable field-induced softening (EFIS), as application DC significantly lowers temperature To establish origin EFIS, is compared for single vs. mixed-alkali silicate glasses with fixed mole percentage alkali ions such that mobility greatly reduced while basic network structure does not change much. sodium and...