Abstract The relative importance of feeding competition in Pan paniscus and troglodytes schweinfurthii is examined an attempt to understand the major differences social organization two species. P. at Lomako characterized by a stronger tendency for association among females than female Gombe. Party size dependent on patch size. Feeding was more important small patches large patches. total amount time party (chimp-minutes) measure that available both chimpanzee found have larger sizes use...

Abstract Data from 250 hours of focal animal sampling in the Lomako Forest central Zaire show pygmy chimpanzees spent 70% feeding time on fruit and 25% young leaves. Feeding resting each accounted for about 40% traveling less than 20% time. Sitting was most frequent posture. Locomotion predominantly quadrupedal walking quadrumanous climbing. Most occurred above 30 m. Pygmy primary forest. Activity budgets varied with forest type. levels were used canopy when slope (Bolafa) forests, ground...

Abstract Descriptions of social organization based on interactions are difficult for fission‐fusion primates, such as pygmy chimpanzees, may depend association in parties. Frequencies male‐male and male‐female affiliative female‐male female‐female aggressive among Lomako chimpanzees occurred proportion to the presence each sex Male‐male aggression affiliation, however, were more frequent than expected basis party membership. Females with small swellings received grooming less mating...

Under the social origins hypothesis, human language is thought to have evolved within framework of non-human primate contexts and relationships. Our two closest relatives, chimpanzees bonobos, however, very different relationships this may be reflected in their use loud calls. Much calling male-bonded aggressive chimpanzee functions for male alliance formation intercommunity aggression. Bonobos, are female bonded less little known on function Data frequencies, context, locations...

Despite recent advances in chronometric techniques (e.g., Uranium-Lead [U-Pb], cosmogenic nuclides, electron spin resonance spectroscopy [ESR]), considerable uncertainty remains regarding the age of many Plio-Pleistocene hominin sites, including several South Africa. Consequently, biochronology important assessments geochronology and provides direct estimates fossils themselves. Historically, cercopithecid monkeys have been among most useful taxa for early hominins because they are widely...

Abstract The question of whether bonobos show feeding priority and female dominance has been proposed examined, both in the wild captive studies, with differing results. relationship between best studied prosimian primates. These studies use established criteria females consistently evoking submissive behavior from males dyadic encounters for determining dominance. Although is complex, prosimians associated preferential access to food. Data habituated Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic...

Our closest living relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees, along with small-scale human societies figure prominently in debates about nature. Here we emphasize explain behavioural variation within among these three species. In the logic of ecology, individuals have been selected to adjust their behaviour evolved reaction norms that maximize fitness given current socio-ecological conditions. We discuss contexts: relationships between sexes, hierarchy inequality, intergroup interactions. each...

All the great ape species are known tool users in both wild and captivity, although there is variation ability behavioral repertoire. Differences use acquisition between chimpanzees gorillas have been attributed to differing levels of social tolerance as a result differences structure. Chimpanzees also show sex bonobos demonstrate female bias behaviors. Studies limited comparisons complicated captivity by contexts that often do not reflect natural conditions. Here we investigated captive...

ABSTRACT Estradiol is known to have a variety of biological and behavioral effects, but monitoring its function complex given the many factors influencing variation. This necessitates large sample sizes which are challenging in captive wild situations. study validates use opportunistically collected urinary estradiol levels (E2) for reproductive research bonobos ( Pan paniscus ). We analyzed frozen urine samples from four Columbus Zoo adult females over 4 years creatinine concentrations n =...

The distribution of Varecia variegata at 3 sites in Ranomafana National Park is consistent with the hypothesis that this specialized frugivore most susceptible 12 sympatric lemur species to habitat disruption brought about by selective logging. abundant least disturbed site and absent from intensively logged site. area showed lower values for overall tree basal area, crown diameters height an increase number trees, presumably because growing saplings. select large food trees are...

ABSTRACT Analyzing stable isotopes in mollusk shells allows archaeologists to address issues ranging from seasonality of harvest, settlement and subsistence strategies, sea surface temperatures, nearshore paleoecology. Studying California mussel an ∼8,800-year-old shell midden on San Miguel Island, we investigate how growth rates influence sampling strategies for determining seasonality. Using a fully profiled as standard interpret more limited measurements (terminal band plus one) 39...

ABSTRACT Bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) are successful at managing conflict and promoting group affiliation, but it is still uncertain how affects the entire social group, particularly in captive populations. We conducted network analyses using dyadic proximity data to understand structure of five alternating compositions a population zoo‐housed bonobos, measures centrality strength. then compared between neutral, post‐conflict (intergroup intragroup), post‐single‐party outburst (scream, display...

Abstract We examined association patterns of wild, nonprovisioned pygmy chimpanzees in the central rain forest Zaire. Associations among individuals within two communities (Hedons and Rangers) one splinter group (Blobs) were described using measures: proportion time spent together parties, close proximity while feeding. Patterns exposed multivariate analysis tested nonparametric (Mantel) tests. females characterized social interactions both Hedons Blobs. males, between males females, common...

Abstract Female dominance and feeding priority are considered unique behavioral strategies in many Malagasy lemuriformes, particularly Lemur catta . Two hypotheses have been introduced to explain these behavior patterns: 1) females agonistically dominant over males mitigate female–male food competition so that can compensate for high energy demands inefficient reproductive physiology, 2) defer when as a strategy. We tested by conducting controlled experiments on free‐ranging ring‐tailed...

The adjustment of captive-reared and developmentally deprived ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) to supported release on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, was studied over 7 years examine if these animals developed behavior comparable wild populations. Initial changes after included decreased obesity increased agility as well foraging for appropriate novel plants. Ranging, daily cycles, vocalizations more slowly 1–3 years, but eventually the resembled that groups. Group composition social...