If working memory is limited by central capacity (e.g., the focus of attention; N. Cowan, 2001), then storage limits for information in a single modality should apply also to simultaneous from different modalities. The authors investigated this combining visual-array comparison task with novel auditory-array 5 experiments. Participants were remember only visual, auditory (unimodal conditions), or both arrays (bimodal conditions). Experiments 1 and 2 showed significant dual-task tradeoffs...

We asked whether the ability to keep in working memory binding between a visual object and its spatial location changes with development across life span more than for item information. Paired arrays of colored squares were identical or differed color one square, latter case, changed was unique on that trial (item change) duplicated elsewhere array (color-location change). Children (8-10 11-12 years old) older adults (65-85 showed deficits relative young adults. These only partly simulated...

Theories of working memory (WM) capacity limits will be more useful when we know what aspects performance are governed by the and other mechanisms.Whereas considerable progress has been made on models WM for visual arrays separate objects, less in understanding verbal materials, especially words mentally combined to form multi-word units or chunks.Toward a comprehensive theory limits, examine forced-choice recognition within printed lists, using materials designed produce chunks (e.g.,...

This study reexamines the issue of how much working memory storage is central, or shared across sensory modalities and verbal nonverbal codes, peripheral, specific to a modality code. In addition exploration many parameters in 9 new dual-task experiments reanalysis some prior evidence, innovations present work compared previous studies for 2 stimulus sets include (a) use principled set formulas estimate number items (b) model dissociate central components, which are allocated very different...

Alcohol is known to impair self-regulatory control of behavior, though mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol's reduction negative affect (NA) a key mechanism such impairment. This was by measuring amplitude error-related negativity (ERN), component event-related brain potential (ERP) posited reflect extent which behavioral failures are experienced as distressing, while participants completed laboratory task requiring control. reduced both ERN...

Abstract Over 350 years ago, Descartes proposed that the neural basis of consciousness must be a brain region in which sensory inputs are combined. Using fMRI, we identified at least one such area for working memory, limited information held mind, described by William James as trailing edge consciousness. Specifically, left intraparietal sulcus was found to demonstrate load-dependent activity either visual stimuli (colored squares) or combination and auditory (spoken letters). This result...

It has been debated on the basis of change-detection procedures whether visual working memory is limited by number objects, task-relevant attributes within those or bindings between attributes. This debate, however, hampered several limitations, including use conditions that vary studies and absence appropriate mathematical models to estimate items in different stimulus conditions. We reexamined limits 2 experiments with a wide array involving color shape attributes, relying set new fit...

Why does visual working memory performance increase with age in childhood? One recent study (Cowan et al., 2010b) ruled out the possibility that basic cause is a tendency young children to clutter less-relevant items (within concurrent array, colored presented one of two shapes). The differences performance, however, theoretically could result from inadequate encoding briefly array by younger children. We replicated key part procedure 6-8 and 11-13 years old college students (total N = 90),...

In previous studies of memory span, participants have attended to the stimuli while they were presented, and therefore had opportunity use a variety mnemonic strategies. main portion present study, (first‐ fourth‐grade children, adults; 24 per age group) carried out visual task hearing lists spoken digits received post‐list digit recall cue only occasionally, for some lists. Under these conditions, list information presumably must be extracted from passively held store such as auditory...

Recall response durations were used to clarify processing in working-memory tasks. Experiment 1 examined children's performance reading span, a task which sentences processed and the final word of each sentence was retained for subsequent recall. 2 development listening-, counting-, digit-span performance. Responses much longer reading-and listening-span tasks than other span tasks, suggesting that participants sentence-based take time retrieve semantic or linguistic structure as cues recall...

In running memory span, a list ends unpredictably, and the last few items are to be recalled. This task is of increasing importance in recent research. We argue that there two very different strategies for performing span tasks: low-effort strategy which passively held until ends, when retrieval into capacity-limited store takes place; higher-effort working continually updated using rehearsal processes during presentation. experiments, we examine roles these consequences types interference.

Journal Article Age, Self-Assessed Health Status, and Cognition Get access Timothy A. Salthouse, Salthouse 1School of Psychology, Georgia Institute Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donald H. Kausler, Kausler 2Department University Missouri–Columbia J. Scott Saults Gerontology, Volume 45, Issue 4, July 1990, Pages P156–P160, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.P156 Published: 01 1990 history Received: 26 January 1989 Accepted: 31

The authors assessed effects of alcohol consumption on different types working memory (WM) tasks in an attempt to characterize the nature cognition. WM varied 2 properties materials be retained a 2-stimulus comparison procedure. Conditions included (a) spatial arrays colors, (b) temporal sequences (c) spoken digits, and (d) digits. Alcohol impaired for auditory visual but not simultaneous or stimuli. These results suggest that processes needed encode maintain stimulus sequences, such as...

Data are reported on a variety of cognitive tasks from 62 college students and 362 nonstudent adults between 20 79 years age. The goals the project were as follows: (a) to investigate validity practices using over age 65 in studies aging, (b) examine influence background variables trends performance, (c) initiate development standard assist description subject samples aging research. performance relatively independent an assortment variables, but because atypical their group several measures...

This study investigated whether nonverbal auditory memory representations can be affected by rehearsal strategies. The comparison of the pitches 2 tones separated a silent, variable delay interval was examined in experiments, both when participants were instructed to rehearse pitch first tone covertly during intertone and such prevented 1 attention-demanding distractor tasks. In delayed performance superior permitted rehearse, type task (verbal vs. auditory) had no effect on under...

Capacity limits in short-term recall were investigated using proactive interference (PI) from previous lists a speeded-recognition task. PI was taken to indicate that the target list length surpassed working memory capacity. Unlike studies, words presented either concurrently or sequentially and new method introduced increase amount of PI. On average, participants retrieved about four items without We suggest an activation-based account capacity limits.

Data from two batteries of tests administered to 129 and 233 adults, ranging 20 79 years age, were analyzed explore the viability models postulating that age differences in quantity or efficiency processing resources are responsible for many observed cognitive functioning. Path-analysis procedures used estimate direct indirect, resource-mediated, effects on performance. Results, with simple speed memory measures serving as indexes resources, indicated there was little support a strong...