The "primitive equations of motion" are adopted for this study. nine levels the model distributed so as to resolve surface boundary layer fluxes well radiative transfer by ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. lower is a kinematically uniform land without any heat capacity. stabilizing effect moist convection implicitly incorporated into requiring an adjustment lapse rate whenever it exceeds adiabatic value. numerical integrations performed mean annual conditions over hemisphere starting...

A numerical model of the atmosphere with a seasonal variation insolation and sea surface temperature is time integrated for over 3 simulation years on finite difference grid network having nearly uniform horizontal resolution approximately 265 km. There are 11 levels in from 80 m to 31 km above ground. The has realistic continents smoothed topography. In addition wind, temperature, pressure, water vapor, simulates rainfall, snowfall, evaporation at surface. runoff rate rates change soil...

An analysis is made of the structure and energetics tropical circulation which emerged from a numerical time integration global model with realistic orography. Near earth's surface, general features mean flow field location inter-tropical convergence zone compare favorably those actual atmosphere. Along or shear line, disturbances characteristic scale 2000–3000 km develop cause heavy precipitation. They tend to in geographical areas where formation storms most probable. In upper troposphere...

The results of a numerical time integration hemispheric general circulation model the atmosphere with moist processes and uniform earth's surface has already been published by Manabe, Smagorinsky, Strickler. In this study, is repeated after halving midlatitude grid size from approximately 500 to 250 km. This increase in resolution horizontal finite differences markedly improves features atmosphere. For example, system fronts associated cyclone families high much more realistic than that low...

The primitive equations of motion in spherical coordinates are integrated with respect to time on global grids mean horizontal resolutions 500 and 250 km. There nine levels the models from 80 m 28 km above ground. have realistic continents smoothed topography an ocean surface February water temperatures prescribed. insolation is for a Northern Hemisphere winter. In addition wind, temperature, pressure, vapor, simulate precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, snow depth, runoff. were run...

A mathematical model of the atmosphere with a seasonal variation insulation and sea surface temperatures is integrated numerically respect to time over three years. The has global computational domain realistic distribution mountains. It contains highly idealized parameterization convection, i.e., dry moist convective adjustment. found that accurately simulates location tropical rainbelt as well flow field associated it. Over continental regions model, tends form very close equator, whereas,...

Based on the box method, finite-difference versions of a system primitive equations in spherical coordinates are formulated for grid. Non-linear computational instability cannot occur time integrations these equations. Conservation total mass is guaranteed by form continuity equation. The proposed scheme yields no fictitious sources energy derivation difference formula budget over entire domain. relative and absolute angular momentum not exact analogs continuous forms but nevertheless very...

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of priorities the United Nations and World Bank have for countries to reach in order improve quality life environment globally by 2030. Free satellite images been identified as key resource that can be used produce official statistics analysis measure progress towards SDGs, especially those concerned with physical environment, such forest, water, crops. Satellite often unusable due missing data from cloud cover, particularly tropical areas where...

Heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes) are a major component of marine food webs global biogeochemical cycles. Yet, there is limited understanding about how prokaryotes vary across environmental gradients, their abundance metabolic activity (production respiration) may be affected by climate change. Using datasets prokaryotic abundance, cell carbon we reveal that mean biomass varies just under 3-fold the surface ocean, while total increases more than one order magnitude from polar...

A simple, free-surface, barotropic model and a nine-level, baroclinic are numerically time integrated on both latitude-longitude grids Kurihara-type to compare the results obtained from two grid systems. The prognostic variables Fourier space-filtered in longitudinal direction permit use of same time-step length grids. With respect geopotential height zonal wind distributions phase speed wave propagation, model, time-integrated sector grid, agree better with high-resolution control run than...

Land-cover maps are important tools for monitoring large-scale environmental change and can be regularly updated using free satellite imagery data. A key challenge with constructing these is missing data in the images on which they based. To address this challenge, we created a Spatial Random Forest (S-RF) model that accurately interpolate based modest training set of observed image interest. We demonstrate approach effective only minimal number spatial covariates, namely latitude longitude....

Biodiversity loss and sparse observational data mean that critical conservation decisions may be based on little to no information. Emerging technologies, such as airborne thermal imaging virtual reality, facilitate species monitoring improve predictions of distribution. Here we combined these two technologies predict the distribution koalas, specialized arboreal foliovores facing population declines in many parts eastern Australia. For a study area southeast Australia, complemented...

Abstract Biodiversity loss and sparse observational data mean that critical conservation decisions may be based on little to no information. Emerging technologies, such as airborne thermal imaging virtual reality, facilitate species monitoring improve predictions of distribution. Here we combined these two technologies predict the distribution koalas, specialized arboreal foliovores facing population declines in many parts eastern Australia. For a study area southeast Australia, complemented...

Abstract Forest cover requires large scale and frequent monitoring as an indicator of biodiversity progress towards United Nations World Bank Sustainable Development Goal 15. Measuring change in forest over time is essential task order to track preserve quality habitats for species around the world. Due prohibitive expense impracticality mass field data collection monitor at regular intervals, satellite images are a key source globally. A challenge working with missing due clouds. Existing...

Abstract Forests are a global environmental priority that need to be monitored frequently and at large scales. Satellite images proven useful, free data source for regular forest monitoring but these often have missing in tropical regions due climate driven persistent cloud cover. Remote sensing statistical approaches filling gaps exist can highly accurate, any interpolation method results uncertain methods do not provide measures of this uncertainty. We present new two-step spatial...

Evapotranspiration by phreatophytes in riparian zones makes up a large component of the water balance. However, our understanding relative importance controlling factors such as climatic conditions, species type, depth to groundwater and distance surface remains significant knowledge gap. A field experiment was conducted an irrigated catchment North Queensland, Australia, investigate evapotranspiration dependent trees. The sap flow four tree measured, along with soil moisture, levels local...

<title>Abstract</title> Heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes) are a major component of marine food webs global biogeochemical cycles. Yet, there is limited understanding about how prokaryotes vary across environmental gradients, they may be affected by climate change. Here, using parametric statistical models fit to dataset prokaryotic abundance cell carbon, we find that biomass varies only 2-fold the ocean’s surface waters, despite phytoplankton varying &gt;2 orders magnitude,...

Bayesian optimal design of experiments is a well-established approach to planning experiments. Briefly, probability distribution, known as statistical model, for the responses assumed which dependent on vector unknown parameters. A utility function then specified gives gain in information estimating true value parameters using posterior distribution. given by maximising expectation with respect joint distribution model and prior parameter values. The takes account experimental aim via...