This is a survey article about occupation densities for both random and nonrandom vector fields $X: T \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^d$ where $T \subset \mathbb{R}^N$. For $N = d 1$ this has previously been called the "local time" of $X$, and, in general, it Lebesgue density $\alpha(x)$ measure $\mu(\Gamma) =$ $\{t\in T: X(t)\in \Gamma\}$. If we restrict $X$ to subset $A$ $T$ get corresponding $\alpha(x, A)$ will be interested its behavior space variable $x$ set $A$. The first part paper deals...

The use of multicast inference on end-to-end measurement has been proposed as a means to infer network internal characteristics such packet link loss rate and delay. We propose three types algorithm that measurements the underlying topology: (i) grouping estimator exploits monotonicity rates with increasing path length; (ii) maximum-likelihood (MLE); (iii) Bayesian estimator. establish their consistency, compare complexity accuracy, analyze modes failure asymptotic probabilities.

We present a novel methodology for identifying internal network performance characteristics based on end-to-end multicast measurements. The methodology, solidly grounded statistical estimation theory, can be used to characterize the loss and delay behavior of network. Measurements MBone have been validate approach in case losses. Extensive simulation experiments provide further validation approach, not only losses, but also delays. describe our strategy deploying Internet. This includes...

We envision a network of $N$ paths in the plane determined by independent, two-dimensional Brownian motions $W_i(t), t \geq 0, i = 1, 2, \cdots, N$. Our problem is to study set "confluences" $z$ $\mathbb{R}^2$ where all meet and also $M_0$ $N$-tuples times $\mathbf{t} (t_1, t_N)$ at which confluences occur: $M_0 \{\mathbf{t}: W_1(t_1) \cdots W_N(t_N)\}$. The random analyzed constructing convenient stochastic process $X$, we call "confluent motion", for X^{-1}(0)$ using theory occupation...

We explore the use of end-to-end multicast traffic as measurement probes to infer network internal characteristics. have developed in an earlier paper a maximum likelihood estimator for packet loss rates on individual links based losses observed by receivers. This technique exploits inherent correlation between such observations performance paths branch points tree spanning probe source and its evaluate through analysis simulation accuracy our under variety conditions. In particular, we...

An occupation-time density is identified for a class of absolutely continuous functions $x(t)$ in terms $x'(t)$ and the number times that assumes values its range. This result applied to stationary random processes with finite second spectral moment. As by-product, generalization Rice's formula mean crossings obtained.

Abstract Introduction The optimal use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia in end stage renal disease remains controversial due reported associations with adverse events. In analyzing these associations, studies often utilize ESA resistance indices (ERIs), characterize a patient's response ESA. this study, we examine whether ERI is an adequate measure resistance. Methods We used retrospective data from nonconcurrent cohort study incident hemodialysis patients the...

Calculation of the therapeutic activity radioiodine (131)I for individualized dosimetry in treatment Graves' disease requires an accurate estimate thyroid absorbed radiation dose based on a tracer administration (131)I. Common approaches (Marinelli-Quimby formula, MIRD algorithm) use, respectively, effective half-life and time-integrated activity. Many physicians perform one, two, or at most three measurements various times calculate required by ad hoc methods. In this paper, we study...

The use of multicast inference on end-to-end measurement has recently been proposed as a means to infer network internal characteristics such packet loss rate and topology. In this paper we propose evaluate new algorithms for topology based loss. We compare their accuracy comment computational complexity.

Anemia is prevalent in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The discovery of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) over 30 years ago has shifted the treatment anemia for patients on dialysis from blood transfusions to rHuEPO therapy. Many management protocols (AMPs) used by clinicians comprise a set experience-based rules weekly-to-monthly titration doses based hemoglobin (Hb) measurements. In order facilitate design an AMP using model-based feedback control theory, we present physiologically...

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ABSTRACT Irregular fluctuating patterns of industrial microbial records arise because certain factors that affect them vary in a random fashion. If the counts are independent, and their series stationary with no trend or periodicity, probabilistic model based on an asymmetric distribution function can be used to estimate frequency exceeding any given magnitude. Industrial standard plate (SPC), anaerobes, thermophiles 4 dairy products were characterized lognormal distribution. Many had weak...

Long- and short-term adverse outcomes in hemodialysis (HD) have been associated with intradialytic hypotension, a common HD complication significant cause of morbidity. It has suggested that knowledge absolute blood volume (ABV) could be used to significantly improve treatment outcomes. Different dilution-based protocols proposed for estimating ABV, all relying on the classic mono-exponential back-extrapolation algorithm (BEXP). In this paper, we introduce dialysate dilution protocol an...

Summary The Rayleigh criterion in optics states that two point sources of equal intensity are 'barely resolved' when the maximum diffraction pattern one source overlaps first minimum second source. Although useful for rough comparisons optical systems, such a does not take into account randomness detection process and tell whether can actually be distinguished. We present statistical approach addressed these issues. From quantum optics, photon counts pixels independent Poisson random...