Background Fetal facial development is essential not only for postnatal bonding between parents and child, but also theoretically the study of origins affect. However, how such movements become coordinated poorly understood. 4-D ultrasound visualisation allows an objective coding fetal movements. Methodology/Findings Based on research using muscle to code recognisable expressions in adults adapted infants, we defined two distinct movements, namely "cry-face-gestalt" "laughter- gestalt," both...

Research suggests that fetuses open or close their mouth in relation to directed movements but it is unclear whether opening anticipates the touch a reaction touch, as there has been no analysis so far of (1) facial area and (2) sequential ordering movements. If prenatal development anticipation we would expect frequency fetal immediately preceding arriving hand at increase with age. Fifteen healthy fetuses, eight girls seven boys, underwent four additional 4-D scans 24, 28, 32, 36 weeks...

Background With advances of research on fetal behavioural development, the question whether we can identify facial expressions and determine their developmental progression, takes greater importance. In this study investigate longitudinally increasing complexity combinations movements from 24 to 36 weeks gestation in a sample healthy fetuses using frame-by-frame coding 4-D ultrasound scans. The primary aim was examine these complex coalesce into recognisable expression pain/distress....

The diet of pregnant women exposes fetuses to a variety flavors consisting compound sensations involving smell, taste, and chemesthesis. effects such prenatal flavor exposure on chemosensory development have so far been measured only postnatally in human infants. Here, we report the first direct evidence fetal responsiveness transferred via maternal consumption single-dose capsule by measuring frame-by-frame facial movements. Pregnant their based northeast England were involved this study...

Studies show that 65-85% of mothers cradle their infants to the left side body, but this bias changes with maternal mood and stress. The present study examines hypothesis stress depression status will influence cradling differentially.As part a larger on mother-infant interaction, (N = 79) were asked pick up briefly hold children in arms (44 boys, 35 girls; mean age 7.2 months, range 3 14 months).Results indicated 86% who neither stressed nor depressed cradled 14% right. Comparing those...

Although the importance of parenting styles directly influencing child development is well established, fewer studied have examined whether also affect children's behavioural problems indirectly, mediated through academic self‐concept ( ASC ). We direct and shared effects on 199 Kurdish primary school children with a mean age 11 years 7 months (range 5 to 12 3 months). Questionnaires measured (child version Alabama Parenting Questionnaire), assessed (Myself‐As‐Learner Scale) identified...

Infant neurobehaviour provides an insight into the development of central nervous system during infancy, with behavioural abnormalities highlighting a cause for concern. Research has demonstrated that prenatal exposure to cigarettes leads deficits within neurobehavioural development, along negative birth outcomes detrimental subsequent development. With growing use e-cigarettes amongst pregnant women, this study explores how e-cigarette compares cigarette exposure.Eighty-three infants were...

Background: Research suggests that storybook reading promotes language development and there is a relationship between maternal affective responses in relation to infant affect development. The purpose of this study relate paralinguistic verbal behaviour during mood state. Method: Mothers ( n =32) reporting depressed (as measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) were matched on age baby (mean = 6 months, mean 10 months), sex baby, educational status mother parity with 32...

This longitudinal observational study investigated whether foetuses change their hand preference with gestational age, and also examined the effects of maternal stress on lateralized foetal self-touch. Following ethical approval, fifteen healthy (eight girls seven boys) were scanned four times from 24 to 36 weeks gestation. Self-touch behaviours which resulted in a touch face/head coded 60 scans for 10 min analysed terms frequency using left right hands face. The joint sex laterality...

Aims The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that mothers of premature infants compared with term differ in structure which they impose on vocal exchanges their infants. Methods Thirteen and babies, were observed at discharge 2 months later three situations: free play, changing nappy, feeding. Maternal child‐directed speech coded as well timing utterances respect infants’ vocalizations. mean relative frequency infant vocalizations following maternal computed. Results It found...

While there is an extensive literature on the tendency to mimic emotional expressions in adults, it unclear how this skill emerges and develops over time. Specifically, whether infants discrete emotion-related facial actions, their displays are moderated by contextual cues infants' mimicry constrained developmental changes ability discriminate emotions. We therefore investigate these questions using Baby-FACS code eye-movement tracking examine looking times at expressions. Three-, 7-,...

Although some research suggests that fetuses yawn, others disagree arguing is it simple mouth opening. Furthermore there no developmental account of fetal yawning compared with The aim the present study was to establish in a repeated measures design development opening.Video recordings were made face and upper torso visualized by means 4D full frontal or facial profile ultrasound recordings. Fifteen healthy scanned four times at 24, 28, 32 36 weeks gestation. Yawning distinguished from...