A crucial question in the study of immunological reactions central nervous system (CNS) concerns identity parenchymal cells that function as antigen-presenting organ. Rat bone marrow chimeras and encephalitogenic, major histocompatability--restricted T-helper lymphocytes were used to show a subset endogenous CNS cells, commonly termed "perivascular microglial cells," is marrow-derived. In addition, these perivascular are fully competent present antigen an appropriately restricted manner....

The BCL2 protooncogene encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. was isolated from the chromosomal breakpoint of follicular B-cell lymphoma. Transgenic mice overexpress display extended survival resting B cells. In this study we use a monospecific anti-human antibody to define distribution within organized tissues. is restricted germinal centers mantle and portions light zone implicated in selection maintenance plasma cells memory present surviving T...

Abstract The entry of T‐lymphocytes into the parenchyma central nervous system is a critical early feature in pathogenesis many experimental and spontaneously occurring immune‐mediated illnesses. physiological mechanisms controlling this have not been elucidated. This study reports that T‐cell rat CNS appears to be primarily dependent upon activation state lymphocytes; T‐lymphoblasts enter (and all other tissues examined) an apparently random manner while T cells blast phase are excluded....

Ramified microglia in the adult central nervous system (CNS) are principal glial element up-regulating MHC class I and II expression response to inflammatory events or neuronal damage. A proportion of these cells also express constitutively normal CNS. The role as APCs for CD4+ T extravasating into CNS remains undefined. In this study, using irradiation bone marrow chimeras CD45-congenic rats, phenotype CD45lowCD11b/c+ is shown identify microglial specifically within Highly purified...

ABSTRACT Cell death is a common feature of neural development in all vertebrates. The bcl-2 proto-oncogene has been shown to protect variety cell types from programmed death. We have examined the distribution protein developing and adult nervous systems. widespread during embryonic development. Proliferating neuroepithelial cells ventricular zones as well postmitotic cortical plate, cerebellum, hippocampus spinal cord express bcl-2. Postnatally, principally retained granule cerebellum...

This report defines the bone marrow-derived elements found in central nervous system of adult rat radiation chimeras. Four cell types were identified which bore major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules donor strain thereby indicating a marrow origin. They were: meningeal macrophages, perivascular "microglial" cells, lymphocytes and rare cells with parenchymal microglial morphology. These examined by immunohistochemical methods at light microscopic ultrastructural levels. Extended...

Previous work from our laboratory localized nitric oxide to the affected spinal cords of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a prime model for human disease multiple sclerosis. The present study shows that activated lymphocytes sensitized central nervous system encephalitogen, myelin basic protein, can induce production by murine macrophage cell line. Induction was inhibited amino-guanidine, preferential inhibitor inducible synthase isoform, and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine....

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies have been performed using 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose in 29 adult subjects with primary brain tumors. Seventy-two percent of the patients were treated previously. The glucose metabolic state lesions was increased 16 patients, and normal or decreased 13 patients. hypermetabolic tumors tended to behave a more malignant fashion. Patients had median survival 7 months after PET scan, compared 33 for those hypometabolic lesions. Among high-grade glioma...

Abstract Infection of the central nervous (CNS) system by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) depends on migration infected hematogenous cells into brain. We thus used quantitative light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to study homing turnover bone marrow derived in CNS radiation chimeras under normal conditions experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an model brain inflammation. Our studies suggest following conclusions. First, is continuously patrolled a small number...

Chronic rapid ventricular pacing in the dog reportedly produces a useful preparation of low-output heart failure. However, little information is available regarding cardiac changes this preparation. Accordingly, we evaluated effects both short-term (3 weeks) and prolonged (2 months) on hemodynamics, mass, chamber size. The left wall thickening, blood flow, metabolism were also examined. Compared with 16 control dogs, dogs paced for either 3 weeks (n = 8) or 2 months 13) exhibited reduced...

Activated microglia and macrophages (CNS macrophages) have been implicated in the secondary or "bystander" pathology (e.g. axon injury, demyelination) that accompanies traumatic autoimmune injury to brain spinal cord. These cells also can provide neurotrophic support promote axonal regeneration. Studying divergent functional potential of CNS trauma models is especially difficult due various degradative mechanisms are initiated prior concomitant with microglial/macrophage activation...

Production of prostaglandins is a critical step in transducing immune stimuli into central nervous system (CNS) responses, but the cellular source responsible for CNS signalling unknown. Cyclooxygenase catalyzes rate-limiting synthesis and exists two isoforms. Regulation inducible isoform, cyclooxygenase 2, thought to play key role brain's response acute inflammatory stimuli. In this paper, we report that intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS or endotoxin) induces 2-like immunoreactivity cells...

Abstract The expression of class I and II MHC products in human brain was studied. Radioimmunoassay confirmed weak HLA-A,B,C beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) extract. Quantitative inhibition assay showed had 1/70 as much activity spleen, per microgram extract protein. Immunoblot that HLA chains 2-m were present the Class not detected. Microscopic analysis performed on eight biopsies. histologic appearance ranged from "apparently normal," to presence reactive astrocytes, glial tumor. In every...

Abstract This report describes the development of a new panel monoclonal antibodies produced following immunization mice with cultured rat microglial cells. Using these reagents and previously defined that bind to microglia or macrophages, responses parenchymal microglia, perivascular “microglial” cells, infiltrating macrophage/monocytes were examined in 4 divergent models central nervous system reaction. These brain abscess, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, Wallerian degeneration,...

Although it is clear that the function of CD40 on peripheral hematopoietic cells pivotal to development autoimmunity, in autoimmune disease outside this compartment unresolved. In a model experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE), evidence presented CD40–CD154 interactions within central nervous system (CNS) are critical determinants and progression. Using bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice, data suggest lack expression by CNS-resident diminishes intensity duration myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein...

Abstract Clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats can be suppressed by treatment with liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl 2 MDP liposomes). Here we investigated whether besides the blood‐borne macrophages also ED2 + perivascular cells and microglia are affected this treatment. For purpose examined central nervous system bone marrow chimeras which EAE was induced encephalitogenic T cells. Quantification cell numbers various types...

The ultrastructural relation between microglial cells and cerebral blood vessels was studied in rat brains by immune electron microscopy using antibodies against the common leukocyte antigen (Ox1), complement receptor 3 (Ox42), class I II histocompatibility antigens (MHC antigens; Ox3, Ox6, Ox18, I1-69). Microglial cell processes were found incorporated astrocytic foot of glia limitans 4-13% microvessels. After intravenous injection gamma-interferon, either alone or combination with tumor...