The temperature dependence of the surface magnetization ${M}_{S}(T)$ in spin-wave regime is obtained from measurement spin polarization low-energy cascade electrons. With ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ law, ratio $k$ mean deviation and bulk determined, where reflects perpendicular exchange interaction $J\ensuremath{\perp}$. In ferromagnetic glass FeNi${\mathrm{B}}_{0.5}$, $J\ensuremath{\perp}$ depends critically on chemistry first layer weakened even with a bulklike composition.

In this paper, an analysis of knock signals suggests that the intensity is a cyclically uncorrelated random process, and it therefore not possible to control individual cycles specified in deterministic manner. A new algorithm developed on basis stochastic interpretation signal, objective as certain percentage knocking cycles. Unlike traditional controllers, does respond events provided these are occurring within tolerance target rate. The controller uses cumulative summation make...

Abstract In recent years, surface analytical methods that determine structure have been combined with measure elemental composition and oxidation states, to yield an improved understanding of lubricant‐derived tribofilms. Methods assessing the mechanical properties thin films also applied tribofilms thicknesses order nanometres. These methods, in combination chemical physical studies bulk lubricant systems assessments behaviour tribological environments, made it possible describe...

Very thin FeNi films are coupled over nonmagnetic interfacees of varied thickness to bulk generating exchange couplings ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/J strength on a path perpendicular the surface. The relative magnetization M(T)/M(0) decreases faster at low T for ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/J\ensuremath{\ne}0 than ${\mathrm{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/J=0. This implies scarcity spin waves in uncoupled which we show be very likely universal property...

The thermo-mechanical analysis of an ultrasonic spot welding process was performed using developed finite element models. Temperature–time histories aluminium specimens during were successfully obtained from the and validated by physical tests. It shown that effect frictional heating on plastic deformation significant should be included in order to achieve good correlation with phenomenon.

The local magnetization in magnetic surfaces obeys a Bloch ${\mathit{T}}^{3/2}$ law with prefactor ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{S}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{i}}$ that varies from one plane i to another. reflects the relative exchange interactions ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{S}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{i}\mathrm{?}}$/J and ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{S}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{i}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/J on path parallel perpendicular surface, J constant bulk. spin polarization P of...

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force were used to index the faces orientation of sloping triangular defect which often appears on {100} surfaces chemical-vapor-deposited diamond. These features confirmed be 〈111〉 penetration twins appear as sections cubo-octahedra oriented with a 〈221〉′ direction parallel ‘‘parent’’ crystal’s surface normal. Multiple this type can give rise pentagonal structures usually attributed simpler combinations ordinary twins. The ability suppress twin by...

Ultrathin polycrystalline Fe films of an average thickness 5 \AA{} are prepared on a Ta substrate by ion-beam sputter deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. The itself is deposited top three-dimensional (3D) ferromagnet, and it acts as nonmagnetic metallic spacer layer through which exchange fields ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ various strengths transferred from the magnetic into overlayer ultrathin film. temperature dependence magnetization M(T) film obtained measurement spin polarization...

The surface tension of detached liquid drops in pulsed gas metal arc welding was determined situ from the period prolate-oblate oscillations initiated by detachment event. oscillating were imaged an optical shadowgraph technique utilizing laser illumination. Images obtained during process recorded with a high-speed video camera and stored for subsequent analysis. For 4047 aluminium alloy wire, values range 0.54-0.7 various droplet sizes.

The interlayer magnetic coupling of polycrystalline Fe/Cr/Fe and ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$/Cr/${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ trilayers has been studied with spin-polarized secondary-electron emission (SPSEE) magneto-optic Kerr effect. exchange between the two layers is observed to oscillate ferromagnetic antiferromagnetic as a function Cr spacer thickness. sign depends on temperature at which trilayer structures are grown but not affected by further changes due...

The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the low-energy cascade electron spin polarization is measured to determine surface bulk exchange interaction anisotropy on clean chemically physically modified surfaces polycrystalline Ni80Fe20 amorphous NiFeBo.5.The magnetization M. (H, T) depends critically state surface.

A miniature capacitive force sensor which fits in the sample position of an atomic microscope (AFM) has been used to calibrate applied by scanning tip during nanohardness measurements. The is simple, physically robust, and easily fabricated from readily available materials. It can be operated with commonly electronic instrumentation. device described here optimized for tip-sample forces between 10−4 10−2 N, a range useful micrometer-scale mechanical modification surfaces. With minor design...

Orthogonal discrete wavelet transforms can be made translation-invariant by adding redundant coefficients through repeated shifting operations. Orthogonality is lost, but isometry and compact time support preserved. The practical application to data visualization of scalograms based on such discussed illustrated with measured transient signals.

When scanning steeply sloped features which are near micron size or taller, tunneling microscopes with conventional feedback control loops exhibit slower response on downhill slopes than uphill slopes. This effect is caused by the exponential dependence of current tip-sample distance. A gap smaller setpoint produces a sizable error signal, whereas larger gives only weak signal. As scan rate increased, tip begins ‘‘flying’’ well above surface steep regions. We have developed modification...

Received 27 December 1989DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2101©1990 American Physical Society

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">Nanohardness measurements performed in an SFM (Scanning Force Microscope) are compared with macrohardness data obtained by conventional means. Nanohardness provides detailed information about material hardness on a sub-micron length scale, contributing valuable insights commutator and brush wear fuel pump simulation test. For consisting of harder component dispersed softer matrix, nanohardness show the both components. The observed rates cannot be explained...

In situ temperature-dependent spin-polarized cascade electron spectroscopy is used to study exchange coupling processes between a magnetic substrate and overlayer separated by nonferromagnetic spacer layer. Relative Auger intensities of the overlayer/substrate configurations as function coverage together with model Ossicini are evaluate degree which these trilayer structures grow continuous layer growth mode. Measurement spin polarization during film criteria chemical purity. Evidence will...