Metal‐Based Nanoparticle Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents: Classifications, Issues, and Countermeasures toward their Clinical Translation

• DOI: 10.1002/admi.202101710
• Publication Date: 2022-01-31T09:40:11Z
• Authors: Ruth Antwi‐Baah; Yajing Wang; Xiaoqin Chen; Kui Yu
• Keywords: Nanomaterials; Superparamagnetism; MRI contrast agent; Surface Modification

Abstract Metal‐based nanoparticles, especially gadolinium, manganese, and iron, have gained ground in the research of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Over years, agents based on these paramagnetic superparamagnetic nanomaterials merited keen attention biomedical field due to their desired properties such as sizeable susceptibility, tunable size, easy surface functionalization, low toxicity, etc. Gadolinium‐based chelates are traditional MRI clinic but require improved relaxivities pharmacokinetics. Nanoparticles possess a larger area, demonstrate longer retention time body, allow conjugation several functional molecules enhance tumor targeting, making them more advantageous. The pursuit clinically acceptable has generated diverse nanoparticles which augmented properties, performance, relevance. Yet, most not headed for various reasons. Here, metal‐based mechanisms briefly described. According relaxation times, T 1 2 , different types that evolved reviewed, emphasizing function Finally, pertinent issues restraining clinical translation potential measures develop effective relevant discussed.