The Toxicity of Lead and Lead‐Free Perovskite Precursors and Nanocrystals to Human Cells and Aquatic Organisms

• DOI: 10.1002/advs.202415574
• Publication Date: 2025-02-11T09:59:19Z
• Authors: Immacolata Maietta; Clara Otero‐Martínez; Sabela Fernández; Laura Sánchez; África González‐F...; Lakshminarayana P...; Rosana Simón‐Vázquez
• Keywords: perovskite nanocrystals; Science; Q; halide perovskites; cytotoxicity; 3214 Toxicología; human health; environment

Halide perovskites have emerged at the forefront of semiconductor materials for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices. However, long-term stability toxicity are major barriers to their commercialization. In particular, lead (Pb) its environmental impact prompted exploration lead-free alternatives like tin (Sn) bismuth (Bi). Herein, a cytotoxicity study Pb-based perovskite (CsPbBr3 CsPbI3) Cs2AgBiBr6 nanocrystals in lung liver cell lines blood cells reported, revealing that both Pb Bi exhibit mitogenic effects oxidative stress cells, pulmonary dose-dependent hemolytic effect, raising concerns about potential pulmonary-hepato-hemotoxicity. The zebrafish embryo tests reveal SnBr2 displays notably safer profile elevated concentrations, while toxicity. This provides compelling evidence Sn compounds demonstrate human aquatic organisms under studied conditions, supporting as more environmentally friendly alternative. contrast, similar perovskites, warranting caution use substitute. These findings guide future research regulatory efforts safety sustainability nanocrystals.