Gut microbiota insights into human adaption to high‐plateau diet

• DOI: 10.1002/imt2.6
• Publication Date: 2022-02-25T05:03:59Z
• Authors: Yina Huang; Jinxin Liu; Hein Min Tun; Catherine Stanton; Tingtao Chen; Hani El‐Nezami; Hua Wei; Mingfu Wang; Qinglong Wu
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; 03 medical and health sciences; Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics; R858-859.7; Commentary

Modern genome analyses have identified unique genetic variations of indigenous people in terms human adaptation to the low-oxygen condition high plateaus [6]. On other hand, key aspects such as diet been an important consideration for high-plateau environments [2]. In ancient times, nomads often lack vegetables and fruits because geographic limitations causing difficulties trading agricultural products with low-altitude people, example, Tea-Horse Road was but time-consuming trade path past Tibetans obtain dark tea from manufacturers. Through long-term dietary self-selection, becomes essential part nomadic diets steppe areas (Figure 1A). Of note, consumption fermented milk is a tradition thousands years Both are widely recognized contain functional ingredients confer health-promoting benefits humans, further confirmation populations merited. Even after advancement transportation food globalization, modern high-altitude minorities usually maintain their habits. From standpoint nutrition, minimally processed low contents should not be regarded balanced diet, it quite distinct Western that contains amounts prepackaged foods, red meat, high-fat high-sugar foods. Prior efforts demonstrated importance host–diet–gut microbiota interactions health population diet. Thus, there need dissect interaction between gut minorities, research might shed new light on adaption environment linking We performed meta-analysis more than 1000 previously published shotgun metagenomes adult regions Tibetan Mongolian Plateaus Kazakh Steppe, Europe, United States, China. To minimize batch effect across different data sets, we did perform assembly-based metagenomic analysis requires sequencing depths, rather applied marker gene-based operational taxonomic units (mOTUs; version 2.6) use 10 universal single-copy genes profiling precision error [3]. Compared population, composition 1B), which largely dominated by Prevotella 1C). While well known industrial responsible formation Bacteroides enterotype receiving surprising many commonly harbor independent 1C,D), could induced intake cereal [4]. More interestingly, indicated Yunnan (PRJNA588513) having higher diverse Tibet (PRJNA543906) traditional 1D). This suggests alteration shift significantly. There several studies demonstrating associated exacerbation autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis [5-8]. It highly speculative prevalence [9, 10] common enterotype, thus required validate causation investigate whether intervention potential strategy effectively prevent occurrence arthritis. [11] [12] shown lower host systematic inflammation though they limited alterations composition. interesting see frequent Tibetan, Mongolian, 1A), habits reduced questionable design confirm it. Interestingly, observed significantly (p < 0.05; Wilcoxon test) alpha-diversity same clear microbial diversity helpful against Prevotella-associated inflammation, likely play role since loss conditions [13]. addition, Figure 1E, found unaltered during seasonal one set (PRJEB17632) excised Kazakh. observation prior report Hadza hunter–gatherers Tanzania [14]. Taken together, prevalent regions. Our preliminary evidence population-scale encouraging, future necessary understand insights into interactions. Most likely, explain dominance where carbohydrate-based affordable addition its sufficient energy biofunctionalities [4, 15]. For highland barley rich beta-glucan molecular weight form has clinically reduce blood cholesterol levels via enhanced bile acids synthesis liver increased fecal excretion secondary [16]. Low inhibit plaques vessels, indirectly favors control pressure top risk factor driving most death disability regions, barely seems beneficial health. However, biotransformation great interest remains unknown. Additionally, abundance [15, 17]; noticed this conflicting typically Prevotella-dominated consume Yak butter barely-based daily basis. Butter emulsified beverage through physical processing, so fat absorption prohibited emulsification or ingredients, is, polyphenols derivatives. Importantly, genotype before disease onset [6, 7], enhances susceptibility, exacerbates severity colonic [5, 8]. Because second (8%) chronic [10], how responds proinflammatory what components reverse status. documented anti-inflammatory agents, whereas recent study individuals reported foods decreased inflammatory markers [12], recapitulated elucidated. Overall, expansion major diseases assessment pros cons establishing nutritional guidelines Despite technical analytic advancements decade, challenges conducting populations. highlight those discuss corresponding strategies tackle them. First, infrastructure globalization significant impacts accessibility resources, including fresh fruits, ultimately change evidenced two sets (Yunnan Tibet; 1D) included our meta-analysis. At current stage, shifts pattern limiting eligibility size subjects maintaining recruited research, especially if pathogenesis focus association study. avoid effects nonnomadic longitudinal, randomized cross-over considered, duration each carefully considered. If necessary, trial repeated immediately first gain useful assess stability cycling. Second, over million square meters, remain unsettled making extremely difficult; clinical visits, follow-up, longitudinal sampling concerns. Appropriate stool shipping another concern preserving bioactivity DNA/RNA extraction, sequencing, isolation. A virtual visit telecommunications now covered plateaus, approach lifestyle. challenge, solutions include collection during: (1) large screenings. screening hydatidosis, zoonosis parasitic infection Tibet, three 2016 2017 (2) national service surveys. Those surveys administrative level held regularly suitable purpose, require permission detailed coordination. governmental mission-orientated screenings recommended additional metadata collected disease-microbiota associations influence, development (particularly children elderly), gender difference, information, forth. elderly compared younger requiring age-stratified analysis. Finally, bacterial isolation big challenges. targeted (16S ribosomal RNA [rRNA] Internal Transcribed Spacer [ITS]) appropriate compositional profiling, considered profiling. proportion uncultured bacteria, Clostridiales Family Incertae Sedis Firmicutes Sedis, population. Since very computational effort construct MAGs consensus sequences constructed phylogenetic closely related strains species identity completion comparable single genomes cultivable microbes strain-level genome-scale characterization. Future also commensal live anaerobic sample task. metabolic reconstruction potentially predict nutrients growth, help culture medium identical generally thought patterns. Several characteristic Prevotella-centered comprehensive needs consider unneglectable challenges, advance interventions promoting supported National Institute Allergy Infectious Diseases (P01-AI152999 U01-AI124290). The authors declare no conflict interests. Qinglong Wu Mingfu Wang conceived idea. Yina Huang, Jinxin Liu, Hein Min Tun, Catherine Stanton, Tingtao Chen, Hani El-Nezami, Hua Wei interpreted discussed results. All contributed writing manuscript. Shotgun used available NCBI Sequence Read Archive database accession numbers paper. figures tables scripts were deposited https://github.com/qinglong89/Nomad-Prevotella.