Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion

• DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06091-6
• Publication Date: 2020-06-22T07:02:44Z
• Authors: Paul E. Verweij; Bart J. A. Rijnders; Roger J. M. Brügg...; Elie Azoulay; Matteo Bassetti; Stijn Blot; Thierry Calandra; Cornelius J. Clancy; Oliver A. Cornely; Tom Chiller; Pieter Depuydt; Daniele Roberto G...; Nico A. F. Janssen; Bart-Jan Kullberg; Katrien Lagrou; Cornelia Lass-Flörl; Russell E. Lewis; Peter Wei-Lun Liu; Olivier Lortholary; Johan Maertens; Ignacio Martin-Lo...; M. Hong Nguyen; Thomas F. Patterson; Thomas R. Rogers; Jeroen A. Schouten; Isabel Spriet; Lore Vanderbeke; Joost Wauters; Frank L. van de V...
• Keywords: Medical Microbiology - Radboud University Medical Center; 0301 basic medicine; Antifungal Agents; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES SOCIETY; Conference Reports and Expert Panel; Clinical Pharmacy - Radboud University Medical Center; Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine; Mannans; Medicine and Health Sciences; Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIMLS: Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; 3. Good health; Intensive Care Units; Aspergillus; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; SAFETY; VORICONAZOLE; VIRUS; Coronavirus Infections; Life Sciences & Biomedicine; CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use; Aspergillus/isolation & purification; Betacoronavirus; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology; Coronavirus Infections/complications; Humans; Influenza, Human/complications; Intensive Care Units; Mannans/analysis; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral/complications; Pulmonary Aspergillosis/diagnosis; Pulmonary Aspergillosis/etiology; Pulmonary Aspergillosis/prevention & control; COVID-19; ICU; Influenza; Invasive aspergillosis; Viral pneumonia; Viral pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; DIAGNOSIS; Betacoronavirus; 03 medical and health sciences; Critical Care Medicine; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; General & Internal Medicine; Influenza, Human; MANAGEMENT; Humans; Internal Medicine - Radboud University Medical Center; Pandemics; COVID-19; ICU; Influenza; Invasive aspergillosis; Viral pneumonia; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Influenza, Human; Mannans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Betacoronavirus; Intensive Care Units; Pulmonary Aspergillosis; Science & Technology; COVID-19; ICU; Influenza; Invasive aspergillosis; Viral pneumonia; SARS-CoV-2; Intensive Care - Radboud University Medical Center; COVID-19; Galactose; EFFICACY; Influenza; ICU; Invasive aspergillosis; Pulmonary Aspergillosis; Radboudumc 4: lnfectious Diseases and Global Health RIHS: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is increasingly reported in patients with influenza admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Classification of patients with influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) using the current definitions for invasive fungal diseases has proven difficult, and our aim was to develop case definitions for IAPA that can facilitate clinical studies.A group of 29 international experts reviewed current insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of IAPA and proposed a case definition of IAPA through a process of informal consensus.Since IAPA may develop in a wide range of hosts, an entry criterion was proposed and not host factors. The entry criterion was defined as a patient requiring ICU admission for respiratory distress with a positive influenza test temporally related to ICU admission. In addition, proven IAPA required histological evidence of invasive septate hyphae and mycological evidence for Aspergillus. Probable IAPA required the detection of galactomannan or positive Aspergillus culture in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or serum with pulmonary infiltrates or a positive culture in upper respiratory samples with bronchoscopic evidence for tracheobronchitis or cavitating pulmonary infiltrates of recent onset. The IAPA case definitions may be useful to classify patients with COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), while awaiting further studies that provide more insight into the interaction between Aspergillus and the SARS-CoV-2-infected lung.A consensus case definition of IAPA is proposed, which will facilitate research into the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of this emerging acute and severe Aspergillus disease, and may be of use to study CAPA.