Distribution of dipeptide repeat proteins in cellular models and C9orf72 mutation cases suggests link to transcriptional silencing

• DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1450-z
• Publication Date: 2015-06-17T09:43:57Z
• Authors: Martin H. Schludi; ; Stephanie May; Friedrich A. Grässer; Kristin Rentzsch; Elisabeth Kremmer; Clemens Küpper; Thomas Klopstock; Thomas Arzberger; Dieter Edbauer
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; metabolism [Inclusion Bodies]; complications [Motor Neuron Disease]; Cohort Studies; pathology [Inclusion Bodies]; pathology [Brain]; pathology [Neurons]; Inclusion Bodies; Neurons; DNA Repeat Expansion; Brain; metabolism [Proteins]; Middle Aged; metabolism [Motor Neuron Disease]; Als ; C9orf72 ; Dpr Inclusions ; Ftld ; Neurotoxicity ; Repeat Disorders; Spinal Cord; metabolism [Neurons]; genetics [Motor Neuron Disease]; genetics [Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration]; Neuroglia; UNC119 protein, human; Cell Nucleolus; Adult; metabolism [Spinal Cord]; pathology [Motor Neuron Disease]; Clinical Neurology; pathology [Spinal Cord]; Pathology and Forensic Medicine; metabolism [Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing]; Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience; 03 medical and health sciences; Animals; Humans; ddc:610; Gene Silencing; Motor Neuron Disease; pathology [Cell Nucleolus]; metabolism [Neuroglia]; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Aged; Original Paper; C9orf72 Protein; pathology [Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration]; pathology [Neuroglia]; metabolism [Cell Nucleolus]; Proteins; complications [Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration]; genetics [Proteins]; metabolism [Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration]; Rats; metabolism [Brain]; C9orf72 protein, human; Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

A massive expansion of a GGGGCC repeat upstream of the C9orf72 coding region is the most common known cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Despite its intronic localization and lack of a canonical start codon, both strands are translated into aggregating dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins: poly-GA, poly-GP, poly-GR, poly-PR and poly-PA. To address conflicting findings on the predominant toxicity of the different DPR species in model systems, we compared the expression pattern of the DPR proteins in rat primary neurons and postmortem brain and spinal cord of C9orf72 mutation patients. Only poly-GA overexpression closely mimicked the p62-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions commonly observed for all DPR proteins in patients. In contrast, overexpressed poly-GR and poly-PR formed nucleolar p62-negative inclusions. In patients, most of the less common neuronal intranuclear DPR inclusions were para-nucleolar and p62 positive. Neuronal nucleoli in C9orf72 cases showed normal size and morphology regardless of the presence of poly-GR and poly-PR inclusions arguing against widespread nucleolar stress, reported in cellular models. Colocalization of para-nucleolar DPR inclusions with heterochromatin and a marker of transcriptional repression (H3K9me2) indicates a link to gene transcription. In contrast, we detected numerous intranuclear DPR inclusions not associated with nucleolar structures in ependymal and subependymal cells. In patients, neuronal inclusions of poly-GR, poly-GP and the poly-GA interacting protein Unc119 were less abundant than poly-GA inclusions, but showed similar regional and subcellular distribution. Regardless of neurodegeneration, all inclusions were most abundant in neocortex, hippocampus and thalamus, with few inclusions in brain stem and spinal cord. In the granular cell layer of the cerebellum, poly-GA and Unc119 inclusions were significantly more abundant in cases with FTLD than in cases with MND and FTLD/MND. Poly-PR inclusions were rare throughout the brain but significantly more abundant in the CA3/4 region of FTLD cases than in MND cases. Thus, although DPR distribution is not correlated with neurodegeneration spatially, it correlates with neuropathological subtypes.