Transcending time: the forensic anthropological case study of three unidentified transgender women in Italy in the early 1990s

• DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03122-x
• Publication Date: 2023-11-15T16:02:57Z
• Authors: Andrea Palamenghi; Lorenzo Francesch...; Stefano Tambuzzi; Annalisa D’Apuzzo; Debora Mazzarelli; Cristina Cattaneo
• Keywords: Forensic anthropology; Feminization (sociology); Identification; Forensic identification

Abstract In forensic anthropology, the estimation of skeletal sex results in a dichotomous outcome: male or female. This poses challenges when dealing with transgender individuals. Italy has highest rate per capita murders, making their identification compelling issue. study presents three cases unidentified remains women (MtF) that underwent autopsies 1990s at Institute Legal Medicine Milan. The status individuals was determined from autopsy records which indicated co-existence breast implants and genitalia. biological profile created by estimating sex, age, ancestry, stature, bones were investigated looking for evidence Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS). Anthropological estimations revealed skeletons belong to male, adults, European individuals, between 164 184 cm. Fragmented gelatinous masses found association two skeletons, interpreted as remnants implants. cases, signs remodeling cortical surface observed on zygomatic bones, although bone marks here not specific enough link them FFS. Despite some limitations, this highlights need greater awareness among practitioners about limitedly addressed issue, advocating more inclusive anthropology strives improve methods interpretation