Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in adult dystonia: a joint document by the Italian Society of Neurology, the Italian Academy for the Study of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, and the Italian Network on Botulinum Toxin

• DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06424-x
• Publication Date: 2022-10-03T06:02:31Z
• Authors: Marcello Romano; Sergio Bagnato; Maria Concetta Al...; Laura Avanzino; Daniele Belvisi; Matteo Bologna; Francesco Bono; Miryam Carecchio; Anna Castagna; Roberto Ceravolo; Antonella Conte; Giuseppe Cosentino; Roberto Eleopra; Tommaso Ercoli; Marcello Esposito; Giovanni Fabbrini; Gina Ferrazzano; Stefania Lalli; Marcello Maria Ma...; Maurizio Osio; Roberta Pellicciari; Simona Petrucci; Enza Maria Valente; Francesca Valentino; Mario Zappia; Maurizio Zibetti; Paolo Girlanda; Michele Tinazzi; Giovanni Defazio; Alfredo Berardelli
• Keywords: Neuroradiology; Movement Disorders

The diagnostic framework and the therapeutic management of patients with adult dystonia can represent a challenge for clinical neurologists. The objective of the present paper is to delineate diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for dystonia provided by a panel of Italian experts afferent to the Italian Society of Neurology, the Italian Academy for the Study of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, and the Italian Network on Botulinum Toxin. We first discuss the clinical approach and the instrumental assessment useful for diagnostic purpose. Then, we analyze the pharmacological, surgical, and rehabilitative therapeutic options for adult dystonia. Finally, we propose a hospital-territory network model for adult dystonia management.