What is the long-run relationship between military expenditures, foreign trade and ecological footprint? Evidence from method of Maki cointegration test

• DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-04647-w
• Publication Date: 2024-03-30T16:02:01Z
• Authors: Ibrahim Cutcu; Mehmet Vahit Eren; Dilek Cil; Cigdem Karis; Sinem Kocak
• Keywords: Causality

Abstract The US leads the global economy regarding foreign trade volume and military expenditures. Increases in expenditures can substantially affect environmental issues. This study's preliminary research objective is to explore interaction of with ecological concerns long-term using current time series techniques. Ecological footprint, expenditures, exports, imports, urbanization, agricultural area variables are used analysis annual data for period 1970-2018. A relationship between revealed by Maki (2012) cointegration test results, considering structural break. As indicated findings obtained from coefficient estimation, an increase decreases while imports increases it. In addition, results time-varying causality show that there periodic relationships variables. To sum up, a negative area, positive footprint.