Recycled Battery Carbon Composite Sensor for the Electrochemical Analysis of the Neurotransmitter Dopamine

• DOI: 10.1007/s11244-025-02048-5
• Publication Date: 2025-01-20T10:50:31Z
• Authors: K. P. Moulya; J. G. Manjunatha; Samar A. Aldossari; Saikh Mohammad; Narges Ataollahi

The current article reveals a new, simple, non-toxic, sensitive, and environmentally friendly electrochemical approach for the analysis of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DP) by fabricating tartrazine (TZ) on graphite and carbon nanotube composite electrode (GP-CNTCPE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The graphite powder used for the analysis was extracted from a dry cell. The sensitive and selective TZ-modified composite electrode (TZ/GP-CNTCPE) displayed an effective electrochemical behavior of DP. The characteristics of both unmodified and modified sensors were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS). DP exhibited a good oxidation and reduction current response in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of 6.5 pH. The concentration variation analysis of DP in the linear range of 0.2 mu M-10.0 mu M exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.39 mu M and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.33 mu M. The anti-interference property was observed for TZ/GPCNTCPE in the existence of organic compounds and metal ions. The simultaneous analysis of DP in the presence of tyrosine (TY) indicated the good selectivity of the developed sensor. The pharmaceutical sample analysis for the presence of DP showed a fine recovery rate, and hence the developed sensor can be applicable to the real sample.<br/>The current article reveals a new, simple, non-toxic, sensitive, and environmentally friendly electrochemical approach for the analysis of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DP) by fabricating tartrazine (TZ) on graphite and carbon nanotube composite electrode (GP-CNTCPE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The graphite powder used for the analysis was extracted from a dry cell. The sensitive and selective TZ-modified composite electrode (TZ/GP-CNTCPE) displayed an effective electrochemical behavior of DP. The characteristics of both unmodified and modified sensors were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS). DP exhibited a good oxidation and reduction current response in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) of 6.5 pH. The concentration variation analysis of DP in the linear range of 0.2 μM–10.0 μM exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.39 μM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.33 μM. The anti-interference property was observed for TZ/G...<br/>