Modulation of the unfolded protein response impedes tumor cell adaptation to proteotoxic stress: a PERK for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9582-0
• Publication Date: 2014-09-30T14:50:41Z
• Authors: Yves-Paul Vandewy...; Debby Laukens; Eliene Bogaerts; Annelies Paridaens; Anja Van den Bussche; Xavier Verhelst; Christophe Van St...; Benedicte Descamps; Chris Vanhove; Louis Libbrecht; Riet De Rycke; Bart N. Lambrecht; Anja Geerts; Sophie Janssens; Hans Van Vlierberghe
• Keywords: Male; 0301 basic medicine; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Survival; Endoplasmic Reticulum; eIF-2 Kinase; Mice; 03 medical and health sciences; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Animals; Humans; RNA, Messenger; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; Heat-Shock Proteins; Cell Proliferation; Membrane Glycoproteins; Hepatology; Tunicamycin; Membrane Proteins; Hep G2 Cells; HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Adaptation, Physiological; Activating Transcription Factor 6; 3. Good health; Oxidative Stress; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Unfolded Protein Response; Original Article; Transcription Factor CHOP; Signal Transduction

Abstract

Background Functional disturbances of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is involved in the consecutive steps of carcinogenesis. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the UPR is shown to be activated; however, little is known about the UPR kinetics and effects of UPR modulation in HCC.

Methods We sequentially monitored the UPR over time in an orthotopic mouse model for HCC and explored the effects of UPR modulation on cell viability and proliferation in vitro and in the mouse model.

Results The expression of ER-resident chaperones peaked during tumor initiation and increased further during tumor progression, predominantly within the nodules. A peak in Ire1 signaling was observed during tumor initiation. The Perk pathway was activated during tumor progression, and the proapoptotic target Chop was upregulated from week 5 and continued to rise, especially in the tumors. The Atf6 pathway was modestly activated only after tumor initiation. Consistent with the UPR activation, electron microscopy demonstrated ER expansion and reorganization in HCC cells in vivo. Strikingly, under ER stress or hypoxia, the Perk inhibitor and not the Ire1 inhibitor reduced cell viability and proliferation via escalating proteotoxic stress in vitro. Notably, the Perk inhibitor significantly decreased tumor burden in the mouse model.

Conclusion We provide the first evaluation of the UPR dynamics in a long-term cancer model and identified a small molecule inhibitor of Perk as a promising strategy for HCC therapy.