Detection of Cyclic Imines (CIs) Toxins in Whole Body of Shellfishes: First Monitoring Report of CIs in South Korea Shellfishes

• DOI: 10.1007/s12601-024-00151-4
• Publication Date: 2024-06-13T07:01:45Z
• Authors: Young-Sang Kim; D. P. Nagahawatta; M. J. M. S. Kurera; H. H. A. C. K. Ja...; N. M. Liyanage; D. S. Dissanayake; R. P. G. S. K. Am...; Chan-Young Kim; Jun-Geon Je; Sang Gil Lee; Hee Young Jo; Hong Ju Kim; Myung Jin Oh; Nari Seo; Hyun Joo An; You-Jin Jeon
• Keywords: Marine toxin; Desmethyl; Saxitoxin

Abstract Cyclic imines (CIs) produced by microalgal species that accumulate in the food chains of marine organisms are novel biotoxins do not belong to classic group biotoxins. In past, CIs were found only limited areas; however, recent years, rapid changes ecosystems have led widespread and increased exposure toxic risks. this study, we analyzed seven CI toxins, GYM-A, SPX (13-desmethyl spirolide C, 13, 19-dideMe 20-methyl G), PnTX-E, F, G, using LC/MRM-MS. Shellfish samples purchased from a domestic Korean fish market (67 2021 216 2022). The entire body shellfish was ground extracted with 50% methanol, followed lipophilic-specific SPE. Only PnTX-G, 13-desmethyl C detected all samples. maximum concentrations GYM-A is 179 ppt (ng/kg) Crassostrea nippona (March 2022), PnTX-G 7 Anadara broughtonii (April 58 southern coast exhibited highest frequency detection these which attributed elevated sea-surface temperatures, aligned conducive conditions for toxin-producing phytoplankton. According monitoring results, there no significant toxins shellfish; it important monitor toxin accumulation because their high risk toxicity.