Healthcare Mistreatment, State-Level Policy Protections, and Healthcare Avoidance Among Gender Minority People

• DOI: 10.1007/s13178-022-00748-1
• Publication Date: 2022-07-15T11:05:32Z
• Authors: Kristen D. Clark; Sean Luong; Mitchell R. Lunn; Elena Flowers; Esmaeil Bahalkeh; Micah E. Lubensky; Matthew R. Capriotti; Juno Obedin-Maliver; Annesa Flentje
• Keywords: 360; Gender minority; LGBTQ; 610; Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology; Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin; Healthcare access; Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine; Health policy; Article; 3. Good health; Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi; Social determinants of health; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; 5. Gender equality; 616; Psychology; 10. No inequality

Abstract

Introduction This study examined whether past experiences of mistreatment in healthcare were associated with greater healthcare avoidance due to anticipated mistreatment among gender minority (GM) people. We evaluated whether state-level healthcare policy protections moderated this relationship.

Methods Data from the 2018 Annual Questionnaire of The PRIDE Study, a national longitudinal study on sexual and gender minority people’s health, were used in these analyses. Logistic regression modeling tested relationships between lifetime healthcare mistreatment due to gender identity or expression and past-year healthcare avoidance due to anticipated mistreatment among GM participants. Interactions between lifetime healthcare mistreatment and state-level healthcare policy protections and their relationship with past-year healthcare avoidance were tested.

Results Participants reporting any lifetime healthcare mistreatment had greater odds of past-year healthcare avoidance due to anticipated mistreatment among gender expansive people (n = 1290, OR = 4.71 [CI]: 3.57–6.20), transfeminine people (n = 263, OR = 10.32 [CI]: 4.72–22.59), and transmasculine people (n = 471, OR = 3.90 [CI]: 2.50–6.13). Presence of state-level healthcare policy protections did not moderate this relationship in any study groups.

Conclusions For GM people, reporting lifetime healthcare mistreatment was associated with healthcare avoidance due to anticipated mistreatment. State-level healthcare policy protections were not a moderating factor in this relationship. Efforts to evaluate the implementation and enforcement of state-level policies are needed. Continued efforts to understand instances of and to diminish healthcare mistreatment of GM people are recommended.