Non-uniqueness in law of three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations diffused via a fractional Laplacian with power less than one half

• DOI: 10.1007/s40072-023-00293-x
• Publication Date: 2023-04-04T11:24:43Z
• Authors: Kazuo Yamazaki
• Keywords: Fractional Brownian motion; Multiplicative noise; Exponent

Non-uniqueness of three-dimensional Euler equations and Navier-Stokes equations forced by random noise, path-wise and more recently even in law, have been proven by various authors. We prove non-uniqueness in law of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations forced by random noise and diffused via a fractional Laplacian that has power between zero and one half. The solution we construct has H$\ddot{\mathrm{o}}$lder regularity with a small exponent rather than Sobolev regularity with a small exponent. For the power sufficiently small, the non-uniqueness in law holds at the level of Leray-Hopf regularity. In particular, in order to handle transport error, we consider phase functions convected by not only a mollified velocity field but a sum of that with a mollified Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process if noise is additive and a product of that with a mollified exponential Brownian motion if noise is multiplicative.