Adverse Childhood Experience Chronicity and Timing: Impacts on Harsh and Nurturing Parenting in UK Black and Minority Ethnic Parents

• DOI: 10.1007/s40653-025-00704-2
• Publication Date: 2025-04-08T03:59:30Z
• Authors: Itunu Ogundiyun; Laura Katus

Abstract Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are a range of traumatic events, primarily including personal abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, which frequently are associated with maladaptive consequences into adulthood. As such, ACEs also have the potential to adversely affect an individual’s response to their own children once they become a parent. While members of minority ethnic groups are at a higher risk of experiencing ACEs, research on how this affects parenting outcomes is limited. This study examines ACE exposure in a cohort of N = 64 Black and minority ethnic parents in the UK. We found that ACEs were positively associated with parents self-reported harsh parenting, and negatively associated with nurturing parenting. Examining ACE timing, exposure during middle childhood, but not early or late childhood or adolescence, was associated of both harsh and nurturing parenting. Examining the differential impact of ACE chronicity (i.e., prolonged exposure) and ACE frequency (i.e., number of ACEs), harsh parenting was significantly associated with ACE chronicity, whereas nurturing parenting was linked to ACE frequency. Mediation analyses showed a partial mediation of parental education for the link between ACE frequency and harsh and nurturing parenting outcomes. Our results contribute to a growing body of research highlighting the intricate interplay between early life adversity and parenting behaviours within minority ethnic communities. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and support systems aimed at breaking the cycle of ACEs, promoting healthier parenting practices, and ultimately fostering improved outcomes for both parents and their children in these communities. Future research should delve deeper into the specific mechanisms through which ACEs influence parenting behaviours and explore culturally sensitive approaches to mitigate their impact on minority ethnic parents.