Machine Learning Enabled Reusable Adhesion, Entangled Network-Based Hydrogel for Long-Term, High-Fidelity EEG Recording and Attention Assessment

• DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01780-7
• Publication Date: 2025-05-29T08:12:39Z
• Authors: Kai Zheng; Chengcheng Zheng; Lixian Zhu; Bihai Yang; Xiaokun Jin; Su Wang; Zikai Song; Jingyu Liu; Yan Xiong; Fuze Tian; Ran Cai; Bin Hu

Abstract Due to their high mechanical compliance and excellent biocompatibility, conductive hydrogels exhibit significant potential for applications in flexible electronics. However, as the demand for high sensitivity, superior mechanical properties, and strong adhesion performance continues to grow, many conventional fabrication methods remain complex and costly. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient strategy to construct an entangled network hydrogel through a liquid–metal-induced cross-linking reaction, hydrogel demonstrates outstanding properties, including exceptional stretchability (1643%), high tensile strength (366.54 kPa), toughness (350.2 kJ m−3), and relatively low mechanical hysteresis. The hydrogel exhibits long-term stable reusable adhesion (104 kPa), enabling conformal and stable adhesion to human skin. This capability allows it to effectively capture high-quality epidermal electrophysiological signals with high signal-to-noise ratio (25.2 dB) and low impedance (310 ohms). Furthermore, by integrating advanced machine learning algorithms, achieving an attention classification accuracy of 91.38%, which will significantly impact fields like education, healthcare, and artificial intelligence.