Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) diagnosis of malnutrition

• DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.001
• Publication Date: 2022-04-19T00:44:47Z
• Authors: Rocco Barazzoni; Gordon L. Jensen; Maria Isabel T.D....; Maria Cristina Go...; Takashi Higashiguchi; Han Ping Shi; Stephan C. Bischoff; Yves Boirie; Fernando Carrasco; Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft; Vanessa Fuchs-Tar...; Ryoji Fukushima; Steve Heymsfield; Marina Mourtzakis; Maurizio Muscaritoli; Kristina Norman; Ibolya Nyulasi; Veeradej Pisprasert; Carla Prado; Marian De van der...; Sadao Yoshida; Jianchun Yu; Tommy Cederholm; Charlene Compher
• Keywords: Male; 0301 basic medicine; Weight loss; Sarcopenia; Nutritional Status; adult life cycle; nutrition assessment nutrition; weight loss; Skin Diseases; 03 medical and health sciences; 0302 clinical medicine; nutrition assessment nutrition; 616; Weight Loss; Myopia; Life Science; Humans; adult life cycle; Muscle, Skeletal; 2. Zero hunger; Adult life cycle; Nutrition assessment nutrition; Weight loss; Mitral Valve Prolapse; Muscles; Malnutrition; Nutrition assessment nutrition; 3. Good health; Leadership; Nutrition Assessment; Female; weight loss; [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition; Adult life cycle

AbstractThe Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) provides consensus criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition that can be widely applied. The GLIM approach is based on the assessment of three phenotypic (weight loss, low body mass index, and low skeletal muscle mass) and two etiologic (low food intake and presence of disease with systemic inflammation) criteria, with diagnosis confirmed by any combination of one phenotypic and one etiologic criterion fulfilled. Assessment of muscle mass is less commonly performed than other phenotypic malnutrition criteria, and its interpretation may be less straightforward, particularly in settings that lack access to skilled clinical nutrition practitioners and/or to body composition methodologies. In order to promote the widespread assessment of skeletal muscle mass as an integral part of the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition, the GLIM consortium appointed a working group to provide consensus‐based guidance on assessment of skeletal muscle mass. When such methods and skills are available, quantitative assessment of muscle mass should be measured or estimated using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, or bioelectrical impedance analysis. For settings where these resources are not available, then the use of anthropometric measures and physical examination are also endorsed. Validated ethnic‐ and sex‐specific cutoff values for each measurement and tool are recommended when available. Measurement of skeletal muscle function is not advised as surrogate measurement of muscle mass. However, once malnutrition is diagnosed, skeletal muscle function should be investigated as a relevant component of sarcopenia and for complete nutrition assessment of persons with malnutrition.