Artificial reefs built by 3D printing: Systematisation in the design, material selection and fabrication

• DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129766
• Publication Date: 2022-11-21T17:32:41Z
• Authors: Adrian I. Yoris-N...; Carlos J. Slebi-A...; Esther Lizasoain-...; Irune Indacoechea...; Elena Blanco-Fern...; Daniel Castro-Fresno; Alejandro Alonso-...; Sara Alonso-Cañon; Carlos Real-Gutie...; Fouad Boukhelf; Mohamed Boutouil; Nassim Sebaibi; Alice Hall; Sam Greenhill; Roger Herbert; Richard Stafford; Bianca Reis; Pieter van der Li...; Oscar Babé Gómez; Hugo Sainz Meyer; João N. Franco; Emanuel Almada; Maria Teresa Borges; Isabel Sousa-Pinto; Miriam Tuaty-Guerra; Jorge Lobo-Arteaga
• Keywords: Artificial reef

The recovery of degraded marine coasts and the improvement natural habitats are current issues vital importance for development life, both terrestrial. In this sense, immersion artificial reefs (ARs) in environment is a way to stimulate these damaged ecosystems. But it necessary have multidisciplinary approach that analyses materials, designs construction process order understand their true impact on environment. For reason, paper presents manufacture by 3D printing, proposing with combination prismatic random shapes, different external overhangs as well inner holes. definition reef designs, criteria provided biologists results obtained from numerical simulation ANSYS were taken into account, which stability seabed was analysed. Three dosages cement mortars three geopolymer studied impression materials. studies included determination rheological properties mortars, define printability, cost materials used, mechanical strength biological receptivity specimens immersed sea 3 months. To evaluate environmental used production Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carried out. choose encompassed best studied, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) applied two reefs. Finally, advantages disadvantages printing out research show better characteristics applications using technique allowed digital models be faithfully reproduced.