Softening the tumor matrix through cholesterol depletion breaks the physical barrier for enhanced antitumor therapy

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.027
• Publication Date: 2024-05-22T03:15:55Z
• Authors: Zhangwen Peng; Yunfei Yi; Yichu Nie; Tianqi Wang; Jia Tang; Sheng Hong; Yuanqi Liu; Wenxin Huang; Shengjie Sun; Hui Tan; Meiying Wu
• Keywords: Mice, Inbred BALB C; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Antineoplastic Agents; Extracellular Matrix; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice; Cholesterol; Photochemotherapy; Cell Line, Tumor; Neoplasms; Tumor-Associated Macrophages; Tumor Microenvironment; Animals; Humans; Nanoparticles; Female

The tumor develops defense tactics, including conversing the mechanical characteristics of tumor cells and their surrounding environment. A recent study reported that cholesterol depletion stiffens tumor cells, which could enhance adaptive T-cell immunotherapy. However, it remains unclear whether reducing the cholesterol in tumor cells contributes to re-educating the stiff tumor matrix, which serves as a physical barrier against drug penetration. Herein, we found that depleting cholesterol from tumor cells can demolish the intratumor physical barrier by disrupting the mechanical signal transduction between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix through the destruction of lipid rafts. This disruption allows nanoparticles (H/S@hNP) to penetrate deeply, resulting in improved photodynamic treatment. Our research also indicates that cholesterol depletion can inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and repolarize tumor-associated macrophages from M2 to M1, demonstrating the essential role of cholesterol in tumor progression. Overall, this study reveals that a cholesterol-depleted, softened tumor matrix reduces the difficulty of drug penetration, leading to enhanced antitumor therapeutics.