NVX-CoV2373-induced cellular and humoral immunity towards parental SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs compared to BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-regimens

• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105321
• Publication Date: 2022-10-18T08:38:22Z
• Authors: Franziska Hielscher; Tina Schmidt; Verena Klemis; Alexander Wilhelm; Stefanie Marx; Amina Abu-Omar; Laura Ziegler; Candida Guckelmus; Rebecca Urschel; Urban Sester; Marek Widera; Martina Sester
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; COVID-19 Vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; T-cells; Vaccination; 610; COVID-19; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Article; Antibodies; Immunity, Humoral; 3. Good health; Coronavirus; Variant of concern; 03 medical and health sciences; Neutralization; Immunoglobulin G; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Humans; BNT162 Vaccine; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273

The NVX-CoV2373-vaccine has recently been licensed, although knowledge on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity towards the parental strain and variants of concern (VOCs) in comparison to mRNA-regimens is limited.In this observational study, 66 individuals were recruited to compare immunogenicity and reactogenicity of NVX-CoV2373 with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Vaccine-induced antibodies were analyzed using ELISA and neutralization assays, specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells were characterized based on intracellular cytokine staining using flow-cytometry after antigen-specific stimulation with parental spike or VOCs.Two doses of NVX-CoV2373 strongly induced anti-spike IgG, although IgG-levels were lower than after vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 (p = 0.006). Regardless of the vaccine and despite different IgG-levels, neutralizing activity towards VOCs was highest for Delta, followed by BA.2 and BA.1. The protein-based vaccine failed to induce any spike-specific CD8 T-cells which were detectable in 3/22 (14%) individuals only. In contrast, spike-specific CD4 T-cells were induced in 18/22 (82%) individuals, although their levels were lower (p<0.001), had lower CTLA-4 expression (p<0.0001) and comprised less multifunctional cells co-expressing IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 (p = 0.0007). Unlike neutralizing antibodies, NVX-CoV2373-induced CD4 T-cells equally recognized all tested VOCs from Alpha to Omicron. In individuals with a history of infection, one dose of NVX-CoV2373 had similar immunogenicity as two doses in non-infected individuals. The vaccine was overall well tolerated.NVX-CoV2373 strongly induced spike-specific antibodies and CD4 T-cells, albeit at lower levels as mRNA-regimens. Cross-reactivity of CD4 T-cells towards the parental strain and all tested VOCs may hold promise to protect from severe disease.