AMPK directly phosphorylates TBK1 to integrate glucose sensing into innate immunity

• DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.026
• Publication Date: 2022-11-16T02:55:01Z
• Authors: Qian Zhang; Shengduo Liu; Chen-Song Zhang; Qirou Wu; Xinyuan Yu; Ruyuan Zhou; Fansen Meng; Ailian Wang; Fei Zhang; Shasha Chen; Xiaojian Wang; Lei Li; Jun Huang; Yao-Wei Huang; Jian Zou; Jun Qin; Tingbo Liang; Xin-Hua Feng; Sheng-Cai Lin; Pinglong Xu
• Keywords: 0301 basic medicine; 0303 health sciences; 03 medical and health sciences; Glucose; Nucleic Acids; Animals; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Antiviral Agents; Immunity, Innate; 3. Good health

Nutrient sensing and damage sensing are two fundamental processes in living organisms. While hyperglycemia is frequently linked to diabetes-related vulnerability to microbial infection, how body glucose levels affect innate immune responses to microbial invasion is not fully understood. Here, we surprisingly found that viral infection led to a rapid and dramatic decrease in blood glucose levels in rodents, leading to robust AMPK activation. AMPK, once activated, directly phosphorylates TBK1 at S511, which triggers IRF3 recruitment and the assembly of MAVS or STING signalosomes. Consistently, ablation or inhibition of AMPK, knockin of TBK1-S511A, or increased glucose levels compromised nucleic acid sensing, while boosting AMPK-TBK1 cascade by AICAR or TBK1-S511E knockin improves antiviral immunity substantially in various animal models. Thus, we identify TBK1 as an AMPK substrate, reveal the molecular mechanism coupling a dual sensing of glucose and nuclei acids, and report its physiological necessity in antiviral defense.