CTC and CT5TEA: An advanced multi-channel digitizer and trigger ASIC for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes

• DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2024.169841
• Publication Date: 2024-09-11T07:46:15Z
• Authors: B. Schwab; A. Zink; G. Varner; D. Depaoli; J. Hinton; G. Liu; A. Okumura; D. Ross; J. Schäfer; H. Schoorlemmer; H. Tajima; J. Vandenbroucke; R. White; J.J. Watson; J. Zorn; S. Funk
• Keywords: 1111; Camera electronics; 0000; Gamma telescopes; FOS: Physical sciences; Data acquisition circuits; 01 natural sciences; 530; Trigger concepts and systems (hardware and software); 0103 physical sciences; Imaging air Cherenkov telescope; High Energy Physics; info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530; Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics; Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)

We have developed a new set of Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) of the TARGET family (CTC and CT5TEA), designed for the readout of signals from photosensors in cameras of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. We present the performance and design details. Both ASICs feature 16 channels, with CTC being a Switched-Capacitor Array (SCA) sampler at 0.5 to 1GSa/s with a 16,384 sample deep storage buffer, including the functionality to digitize full waveforms at arbitrary times. CT5TEA is its companion trigger ASIC (though may be used on its own), which provides trigger information for the analog sum of four (and 16) adjacent channels. Since sampling and triggering takes place in two separate ASICs, the noise due to interference from the SCA is suppressed, and allows a minimal trigger threshold of ≤ 2.5 mV (0.74photo electrons (p.e.)) with a trigger noise of ≤ 0.5 mV (0.15p.e.). For CTC, a maximal input voltage range from −0.5V up to 1.7V is achieved with an effective bit range of > 11.6bits and a baseline noise of 0.7 mV. The cross-talk improved to ≤ 1% over the whole −3 dB bandwidth of 220MHz and even down to 0.2% for 1.5V pulses of 10 ns width. Not only is the performance presented, but a temperature-stable calibration routine for pulse mode operation is introduced and validated. The resolution is found to be ∼ 2.5% at 33.7 mV (10p.e.) and ≤ 0.3% at 337 mV (100p.e.) with an integrated non-linearity of < 1.6mV. Developed for the Small-Sized Telescope (SST) and Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) cameras of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), CTC and CT5TEA are deployed for both prototypes and shall be integrated into the final versions.