(9S,13R)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid attenuates inflammation by inhibiting mPGES-1 and modulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways

• DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106310
• Publication Date: 2022-06-15T06:36:58Z
• Authors: Yan-Yu Zhang; Yun-Da Yao; Fang Chen; Xin Guo; Jun-Li Kang; Yu-Feng Huang; Fan He; Yan Dong; Ying Xie; Peng Wu; Hua Zhou
• Keywords: Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; 0303 health sciences; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Macrophages; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Dinoprostone; 3. Good health; Mice; 03 medical and health sciences; Cyclooxygenase 2; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Animals; Heme Oxygenase-1; Prostaglandin-E Synthases

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve inflammation by suppressing prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PGE2/COX-2) with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal bleeding risk. Theoretically, suppressing PGE2 through inhibiting the terminal synthase microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) instead of upstream COX-2 is ideal for inflammation. Here, (9S,13R)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (AA-24) extracted from Artemisia anomala was first screened as an anti-inflammatory candidate and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), mPGES-1, and PGE2 without affecting COX-1/2, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2). Besides, AA-24 suppressed the differentiation of M0 macrophages to M1 phenotype but enhanced it to M2 phenotype, blocked the activation of NF-κB pathway, and increased the activation of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Moreover, AA-24 selectively inhibited mPGES-1 and reduced inflamed paw edema in carrageenan-induced mice. In conclusion, AA-24 attenuates inflammation by inhibiting mPGES-1 and modulating macrophage polarization via the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways and could be a promising candidate for developing anti-inflammatory drugs.