Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria

• DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613
• Publication Date: 2023-03-02T07:52:27Z
• Authors: Ishmail Kamara; Gilbert Umaye Adie; Abdulmoseen Segun...
• Keywords: Low-cost toys; Artificial saliva; Science; Gastric environment; Q; Polyvinyl chloride; Hazard index; Toxic metals; 01 natural sciences; 0105 earth and related environmental sciences

Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits toys. This study assessed total bio-accessible concentrations Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn imported low-cost plastic sold popular markets Ibadan, Nigeria. A 22 different were purchased subjected an indicative test for presence polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following Beilstein method well analysing recoverable migrated fractions into simulated saliva gastric environments. Toy samples crushed, ashed, dissolved with dilute nitric acid while migration studies carried out using environments check could leach human system. Metals all extracts determined flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The PVC showed 12 positive 10 tested negative. Total metal (mg/kg) ranged follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 Mn: 0.205–31.0 Pb Cr having 18 14% higher than EU 90 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible artificial were: 42.4, BDL-0.450, BDL-1.40 BDL-0.058 70% compared 2.0 mg/kg limit other within limits. Furthermore, environment 8.24–50.3, BDL-0.057, 0.103–1.96 BDL-1.37 100% limit. Chromium both was BDL. results this suggest contents present non-PVC made toys, but containing Though calculated hazard index health risk assessment heavy < 1 metals, concentration extract seem be problematic constant monitoring regulation required.