Electrochemical methods for the determination of urea: Current trends and future perspective

• DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117345
• Publication Date: 2023-10-05T08:59:37Z
• Authors: Lorenzo Quadrini; Serena Laschi; Claudio Ciccone; Filippo Catelani; Ilaria Palchetti
• Keywords: Biological fluids

Urea is the final product of nitrogen metabolism in mammals. In human beings, it a main indicator liver and kidney activity marker for hemodialysis treatments. Furthermore, urea used many industrial processes, agriculture farm industries. Thus, important to evaluate level this compound biological fluids, environmental matrices food samples. Electrochemical sensors represent an interesting tool simple, rapid, in-situ, in-flow monitoring urea. This review focuses on recent advancements electrochemical biosensors determination. An overview existing electroanalytical approaches determination presented, some new strategies are discussed, particularly those based nanostructuration electrode surface. Finally, brief description role that Artificial Intelligence could have overcoming selectivity issues speed analysis also discussed.