Black Phosphorus-Loaded Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels Enhance Angiogenesis via Activation of the PEAK1–MAPK Pathway

• DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c02054
• Publication Date: 2025-04-24T13:50:01Z
• Authors: Ruoting Xian; Hongyi Xian; Hao Dong; Jiating Lin; Xianxian Zhuang; Yue Zou; Qinkai Xie; Youde Liang; Shaobing Li
• Keywords: Gelatin; Black Phosphorus

Repair and regeneration of oral maxillofacial tissue defects remain significant challenges, mainly due to the limitations existing treatment approaches. Conventional methods such as transplantation, scaffolds, growth factors, stem cell therapies often face obstacles, including donor shortages, insufficient vascularization, safety concerns. There is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies effectively promote vascular while minimizing complications. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) hydrogels present advantages broad application potential carriers their biocompatibility, degradability, controlled drug release properties. By combining various characterization techniques detection methods, we conducted a thorough analysis BPNSs gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) scaffolds loaded with (BP-GelMA). The results indicate that this study successfully prepared uniform size, good dispersion, intact structure. Moreover, BP-GelMA composite demonstrated excellent swelling behavior structural stability enabling BPNSs. This investigated angiogenic effects at concentrations 0, 12.5, 25.0 μg/mL. In vitro experiments showed significantly enhanced endothelial proliferation, migration, tube formation. vivo 12.5 μg/mL did not induce developmental toxicity in zebrafish promoted neovascularization. RNA-Seq revealed activates angiogenesis-related biological processes. Mechanistic studies identified PEAK1 central regulator, driving formation through activation MAPK signaling pathway. These findings highlight strategy promoting angiogenesis underscore importance optimizing achieve maximum efficacy clinical applications.