Student characteristics and behaviors at age 12 predict occupational success 40 years later over and above childhood IQ and parental socioeconomic status.

• DOI: 10.1037/dev0000025
• Publication Date: 2015-07-06T17:19:32Z
• Authors: Marion Spengler; Martin Brunner; Rodica I. Damian; Oliver Lüdtke; Romain Martin; Brent W. Roberts
• Keywords: Employment; Intelligence Tests; Male; Parents; Adolescent; 4. Education; Intelligence; 05 social sciences; Middle Aged; Social Class; Adolescent Behavior; Income; Educational Status; Humans; Regression Analysis; Female; 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences; Longitudinal Studies; Child; Students; Personality

Drawing on a 2-wave longitudinal sample spanning 40 years from childhood (age 12) to middle adulthood (age 52), the present study was designed to examine how student characteristics and behaviors in late childhood (assessed in Wave 1 in 1968) predict career success in adulthood (assessed in Wave 2 in 2008). We examined the influence of parental socioeconomic status (SES), childhood intelligence, and student characteristics and behaviors (inattentiveness, school entitlement, responsible student, sense of inferiority, impatience, pessimism, rule breaking and defiance of parental authority, and teacher-rated studiousness) on 2 important real-life outcomes (i.e., occupational success and income). The longitudinal sample consisted of N = 745 persons who participated in 1968 (M = 11.9 years, SD = 0.6; 49.9% female) and 2008 (M = 51.8 years, SD = 0.6; 53.3% female). Regression analyses and path analyses were conducted to evaluate the direct and indirect effects (via education) of the predictors on career success. The results revealed direct and indirect influences of student characteristics (responsible student, rule breaking and defiance of parental authority, and teacher-rated studiousness) across the life span on career success after adjusting for differences in parental SES and IQ at age 12. rd